Oxidative stress and interleukins in seminal plasma during leukocytospermia

Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males

“…Healthy fertile men with normal sperm parameters contain adequate amounts of vitamins A and E (35). The impaired antioxidant activity in men with sperm dysfunction may be a reflection of low seminal levels of vitamins A and E (36). Ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin and possesses potent ROS-scavenging activity.…”

Role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) determination in seminal plasma during infertility investigation

“…There are several mechanisms by which cytokines might interfere with sperm quality, e.g., via an adverse effect on sperm membrane properties and lipid peroxidation (39,40). Cytokines may also modulate the release of Sertoli cell substances, with considerable influence on testicular function as one example of a substantial link between the immune and endocrine systems.…”

Interleukin-6 (Il-6) in Seminal Plasma of Infertile Men, and Lipid Peroxidation of Their Sperm

“…Among them, cytokin-mediated immune response and sperm membrane lipid peroxidation might be implicated. Reactive oxygen species produced by sperm and white blood cells can attack the sperm membrane, increasing in this way its level of lipid peroxidation [1,14]. Human spermatozoa are particularly susceptible to oxidative attack, not only because of the high concentration…”

“…The occurrence of any imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and total antioxidant capacity has been correlated with male infertility [15]. An increased production of cytokines can induce an increased ROS production in the male genital tract [14]. Moreover, several studies indicate a clear involvement of increased quantity of cytokines in human semen and male infertility [5].…”