Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males

Protective effects of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> polysaccharide on male sexual dysfunction and fertility impairments by activating hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetic male mice

“…Earlier observations similarly suggested that diabetes in humans leads to significant alteration in endocrine regulation and impairment, which indicates that diabetes has the potential to derange the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis [16,25,26,47]. It's well known that T, FSH and LH are important hormones regulating the reproductive functions of males, and also autoregulate their serum concentrations by acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis [23]. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) of hypothalamic secretion acts directly on the pituitary gland through the hypophysioportal vein system, which in turn may activate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH [16,23].…”

“…It's well known that T, FSH and LH are important hormones regulating the reproductive functions of males, and also autoregulate their serum concentrations by acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis [23]. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) of hypothalamic secretion acts directly on the pituitary gland through the hypophysioportal vein system, which in turn may activate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH [16,23]. In adulthood, the endogenous hormone LH promotes Leydig cells of the testis to produce T, and acts with FSH to keep the seminiferous tubule's higher content of T that promotes development and maturation of spermatogenic cells.…”

“…Once again we know that the production of spermatozoa is performed inside the seminiferous tubules. T synthesis disorder is caused by changes in Leydig cells, and have been correlated with damage to seminiferous tubules and decrease of libido in males [22,23]. In diabetic condition.…”

“…FSH secreted by sertoli cells is a major role player in the development of testes, which promotes the combination of androgen binding protein (ABP) with testosterone and maintains the level of testosterone in spermatogenic cells. Both clinical and basic studies have demonstrated that diabetes induces a decrease in the serum LH and FSH levels with raised FSH/LH ratio, and this alteration is responsible for the diabetes-related effects on libido and spermatogenesis [21][22][23][24]. A better understanding of the hormonal requirements of spermatogenesis and libido is desirable for the improvement of treatment for male infertility [25,26].…”

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“…Increase in level of testosterone and LH 19 and decrease in number of deformed spermatozoa 20 has been reported by administration of Withania somnifera.…”