Oxidative Imbalance in HIV‐1 Infected Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Therapy

Abstract

It is generally accepted that oxidative stress is involved in HIV infection. However, the role in oxidative balance of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is still debated. In our study we assessed serum oxidant and antioxidant levels in an HIV-1-infected population treated with HAART, and compared them with those of untreated HIV-1 patients and HIV-1-negative subjects. The study included 116 HIV-1-infected patients (86 HAART-treated and 30 untreated), and 46 HIV-negative controls. Serum oxidant levels were significantly higher in the HIV-1 treated group as compared to untreated and control groups. In addition, a decrease of serum total antioxidant status was observed in the HIV-1 treated group. To be noted is that patients who rigorously follow antiretroviral therapy (optimal HAART adherence) have significantly higher oxidative status than those who do not closely follow the therapy (poor HAART adherence). Analysis of variance revealed no significant further increase in oxidative status in HIV-1-infected patients taking antiretroviral and other drugs with the exception of psychiatric drugs (e.g. anxiolytics or antidepressants). Taken together, our results indicate that HAART may affect oxidative stress in HIV-1-infected patients and suggest that antiretroviral therapy plays an important role in the synergy of HIV infection and oxidative stress.

Early vascular aging in the HIV infected: Is arterial stiffness assessment the ideal tool?

“…16 Since GGT counteracts oxidative stress, elevated GGT levels are observed in conditions such as excessive alcohol consumption and HIV infection, where increased oxidative stress prevail. 17 Furthermore, recent evidence indicate that marijuana use may accelerate cardiovascular aging. 18 With 25% and 21% of the HIV infected and uninfected youths using marijuana, it is yet unknown what the effects on arterial stiffness was in this relatively small population.…”

Multivariate discriminant analysis of redox and progression indexes in Cuban AIDS patients with Kaposis sarcoma

“…The multidrug antiretroviral regimens intervention based on a combination of reverse transcriptase and PIs have improved the clinical outcome of HIV-1 infection indicated by an important decline in AIDS incidence and mortality, but, on the other hand, they almost contribute to the oxidative metabolism which adds risk of molecular damage and replication of diverse virus contributing to polyp pathology condition [2,48,49]. These findings could be explained in part by several mechanisms such as low intake of antioxidants or their precursors, malabsorption and, in peripheral tissue, enhanced cysteine metabolism with a consequent loss of sulfur group which may account for GSH and antioxidant deficiency during HIV infection which persists after antiretroviral therapy [14,15,50,51].…”

Altered Redox Regulation as Cofactor in Comorbidities and Accelerated Aging in HIV Infection Evolution and Antiretroviral Treatment

“…Several researchers have demonstrated that humans infected with HIV are under chronic OS characterized by perturbations of the antioxidant system [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

“…These phenomena are all implicated in apoptosis and decreased immune proliferation [11][12][13][14] and included changes in glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (TRX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), tocopherol (TOC) and selenium (Se). In addition, peroxides (PO), carbonyls (CO), isoprostanes (isoP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) elevated levels were found in both pediatric and adult patients, naïve or treated with antiretroviral drugs [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”