“…derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are major sources of nitrosative stress encountered by P. falciparum across different stages (6,30,31,33,41). Notably, the production of antiparasitic NO via host nitric oxide synthase (NOS) represents an important component of innate immune response against Plasmodium parasites in both mosquitoes and humans (13,36,41). In the mosquito stage, the expression of NOS in the mosquito midgut epithelial cells is elicited in response to several parasite-induced proinflammatory cytokines (49), plasmodial glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) (28,58), and hemozoin (1,20).…”