Oxidation of proteins: Basic principles and perspectives for blood proteomics

Abstract

Protein oxidation mechanisms result in a wide array of modifications, from backbone cleavage or protein crosslinking to more subtle modifications such as side chain oxidations. Protein oxidation occurs as part of normal regulatory processes, as a defence mechanism against oxidative stress, or as a deleterious processes when antioxidant defences are overcome. Because blood is continually exposed to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, blood proteomics should inherently adopt redox proteomic strategies. In this review, we recall the biochemical basis of protein oxidation, review the proteomic methodologies applied to analyse redox modifications, and highlight some physiological and in vitro responses to oxidative stress of various blood components.

Pre-clinical development of a hydrogen peroxide-inactivated West Nile virus vaccine

“…H 2 O 2 is a potent oxidizer utilized by neutrophils and other mammalian cells to inactivate intracellular/phagocytosed pathogens [38, 39] and has been shown in vitro to inactivate a broad range of microbes [40–42]. Oxidation by H 2 O 2 is believed to inactivate microbes by several mechanisms, including disruption of lipid membrane bilayers, oxidation of protein backbones and amino acid side chains, and oxidation of nucleosides [43, 44]. Damage to nucleic acids, including the induction of single-stranded and double-stranded breaks in genomic RNA or DNA is the most probable mechanism of irreversible inactivation [45, 46].…”

Gas-Phase Oxidation via Ion/Ion Reactions: Pathways and Applications

“…The oxidation of peptides and proteins is a ubiquitous event that has been implicated in both normal and damaging cellular processes [1]. For example, protein oxidation has been implicated in signaling [2,3], gene regulation [4,5], aging [6,7], cancer [8,9], diabetes [10,11], atherosclerosis [12,13], and Parkinson’s [14] and Alzheimer’s diseases [15,16].…”

“…For example, protein oxidation has been implicated in signaling [2,3], gene regulation [4,5], aging [6,7], cancer [8,9], diabetes [10,11], atherosclerosis [12,13], and Parkinson’s [14] and Alzheimer’s diseases [15,16]. The oxidation of proteins results from interactions with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are either present natively or are generated as byproducts of oxygen metabolism [1,17]. Oxidative modifications can appear in a wide variety of forms ranging from the addition of an oxygen atom on amino acid side chains to protein cross-linking [1].…”

Proteomic analysis reveals oxidative stress response as the main adaptative physiological mechanism in cows under different production systems

“…The increase in GPx and SOD indicates an imbalance in the redox status of the individual, which could or could not be resolved. To assess whether a real change in the degree of oxidation of biological compounds occurred in animals living in hard conditions, the presence of carbonyl groups into proteins as a hallmark of protein oxidation [21][22][23] was determined by immunoblot. Protein oxidation was highest in Alberes cows, intermediate in Bruna living in the mountain and lowest in Bruna, indicating that indeed the degree of protein oxidation is higher in individuals living in hard conditions.…”