Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions among older people. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the most hallmarks lesions in the brain of AD in addition to neurons loss. Accumulating evidence has shown that oxidative stress–induced damage may play an important role in the initiation and progression of AD pathogenesis. Redox impairment occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and quenching of free radicals from oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species augment the formation and aggregation of amyloid-β and tau protein hyperphosphorylation and vice versa. Currently, there is no available treatments can modify the disease. However, wide varieties of antioxidants show promise to delay or prevent the symptoms of AD and may help in treating the disease. In this review, the role of oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis and the common used antioxidant therapies for AD will summarize.

Protective effects ofStachys sieboldiiMIQ extract in SK-N-SH cells and its memory ameliorative effect in mice

“…Oxidative stress is also suggested to play an important role in the early phase of AD (Hsieh & Yang, ). Therefore, an ideal strategy to deliver effective compounds to neutralize ROS in brain cells will be a protective therapy for AD (Moneim, ). Several earlier reports have suggested that infusion of choline to brain cells inhibits nitric oxide synthase release, attenuates the production of NFĸB, and increases cytokine regulation by elevating the glutathione content (Mehta, Arora, Gaur, & Singh, ).…”

The Effect of Apocynin on Motor and Cognitive Functions in Experimental Alzheimer’s disease

“…In recent years, the application of protective agents to reduce the effects of endogenous oxidative stress and metabolic events related to external factors has been widespread (2,3,16,17,18,21,26,27,28). It assumes that microglia reaction against amyloid plaques with subsequent release of reactive oxygen species is the major damaging factor (20,29).…”

“…Microglial cells are responsible for removing the remnants of apoptotic neurons and by doing so they induce an inflammatory response against amyloid plaques via oxidative stress. This theory claims that oxidative stress is the main damaging factor in AD (1,2,3). However, antioxidant molecules have not shown to demonstrate significant clinical benefits (2,4).…”

Medical uses of Sodium thiosulfate

“…We and others have shown it be an anti-inflammatory agent. Chronic neuroinflammation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD) 17,18 and Parkinson disease (PD) [19][20][21][22] . There are now more than 20 published epidemiological studies showing that people known to be taking anti-inflammatory agents, or known to be suffering from conditions such as arthritis for which such agents are routinely used, have a considerably reduced risk of developing AD 17 .…”