Overweight Effects on Metabolic Rate, Chronic Diseases, Time Perception, Aging, and Lifespan: a Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: The hypothesis that metabolic rate is inversely correlated with lifespan has long been debating. Another area of controversy is an evidence of a relationship between metabolic rate (MR) and time-flow perception (TFP), and aging. Aim: to study the impact of overweight and food intake on MR, TFP, chronic diseases, aging, lifespan; difficulties in weight loss.Methods. Design: a systematic review. Settings: Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Kopernio, PubMed, Mendeley were searched for articles published from January 1979 until February 2022. The study bases on a viewpoint supported by a systematic literature review of 3612 articles published worldwide.Results: In total, 107 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. From them, 22 articles were excluded with reasons. Overweight and overeating accelerate MR, leading to hyper-metabolic mode of the body. MR and lifespan are inversely correlated. TFP depends on MR; accelerated MR leads to deceleration of TFP. Every person has an individual ability to gain weight up to 'maximum bodyweight', which indicates the individual potential energy to weight gain. Overweight excessively consumes the body ‘vital energy’, is a soil to grow diseases; devours body potential energy. Weightloss creates ‘body power to weight gain’ that increases physical/mental activity, recovering from diseases, or weight regain. The body needs less calorie intake due to the decrease in MR by age. For weight loss should use very-low-calorie diets and manage metabolic intoxication.Conclusions: Our findings support that overweight and overeating increase metabolic rate, which delays time-flow perception, accelerates aging, limits lifespan. For weight loss should manage very-low-calorie diets.