Overview of recent Grid Codes for PV power integration

Power quality improvement of single-phase photovoltaic systems through a robust synchronization method

“…2. The forward and inverse Park transformation can be achieved by setting the n-m equal to +1 and -1 respectively in (1) and the transfer function of the LPFs is presented in (2).…”

Overivew of grid codes for photovoltaic integration

“…Apart from that, the Spanish [8] and German [4] grid codes stipulate that the photovoltaic power station should be able to withdraw reactive current when the overvoltage occurs, as shown in Fig. 6.…”

“…Some of these requirements can be easily met, while some need casespecific design due to different system parameters, geographical locations, etc. Nowadays photovoltaic grid code is announced generally in the form of national standards or by transmission / distribution system operators [2]- [8]. However, due to the lower penetration level of PV power compared to other power sources, the current grid codes related to gridconnected PV power stations are inadequate.…”

Optimization of operational cost for a grid-supporting PV system with battery storage

“…Even though this is a feasible solution, this increases the payback time of the PV system because part of the energy generation from the system is wasted. Later, new standards came in to effect such as VDE-AR-N 4105 [8], allowing inverters to operate in voltage regulation mode by absorbing reactive power from the grid when the power injection from the PV system goes above a certain threshold [9]. However, as the number of PV generators connected to the LV grid increases, the total losses in the network will also increase as a result of higher consumption of reactive power by the PV inverters [10][11][12].…”