Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications for Fifth-Generation (5G) Wireless Networks—With a Focus on Propagation Models

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the features of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems now being developed for use in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Early results and key concepts of 5G networks are presented, and the channel modeling efforts of many international groups for both licensed and unlicensed applications are described here. Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies, are compared over the 0.5-100 GHz range.

Millimeter-Wave Communications: Physical Channel Models, Design Considerations, Antenna Constructions, and Link-Budget

“…Hence, huge modeling efforts have been dedicated to mmWaves during the standardization process of the 60 GHz WPAN IEEE 802.15.3c standard [14], where standardization is one of the crucial prerequisites for bringing the mmWave technology to life, as shown in Figure 2. The mmWave WPAN standard adopted the TG3c channel model, which is based on the SV model with its parameters extracted [7] to multiple wideband channel model proposals [99], [180], [77], [78], [98] [59], [72], [76], [79], [80], [105], [106], [190 FIGURE 2. from measurements conducted in the 57-64 GHz band. The channel model considered 9 different scenarios that describe different short-range networks denoted as Channel-Model-x (CMx), such as CM1 and CM2 for residential rooms, CM3 and CM4 for office set-ups, CM5 and CM6 for small libraries and CM7 and CM8 for small office desktop scenarios associated with LOS/NLOS environments in addition to CM9 used for kiosks supporting portable devices, as detailed in Table IV. • TASK GROUP ad (TGad): Later the indoor short range channel model was extended to Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) using the IEEE 802.11ad standard [27].…”

“…Furthermore, another path-loss model was proposed by Haneda et al in [219] for characterizing the pathloss in outdoor-to-indoor (O2i) scenarios only, where none of the aforementioned models applies. Each of the PL models of Figure 19 were independently used in the projects presented in Table III, which has been detailed in [190].…”

Channel Characteristics of Rail Traffic Tunnel Scenarios Based on Ray‐Tracing Simulator

“…Currently, the Long-Term Evolution Railway (LTE-R) system has been recommended to replace the global system for mobile communication railway (GSM-R) system for high-speed train (HST) communication system as a part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) [2,3]. In addition, the research on 5th-Generation wireless systems (5G) based on high-speed railway (HSR) has become a trend to meet the need of transmission capabilities [4][5][6]. Thus the study on channel models in rail traffic system for new communication system is indispensable.…”

Relay Selections for Security and Reliability in Mobile Communication Networks over Nakagami-m Fading Channels

“…This network comprises one primary base station (PBS), eavesdropper ( ), some primary users (PUs), multiple mobile terminals (MT), multiple relays (MUR), and a secondary transmitter (ST). Different from [16], we propose a scenario that investigates the SRT performance over the Nakagami-m channel, which can better capture the characteristics of the physical channel [20][21][22][23]. Specifically, relay selection schemes in mobile communication systems over the Nakagami-m channel are well investigated, and mathematical SRT analysis of the proposed SRS and MRS schemes over the Nakagami-m channel is first provided.…”