Overview of high-temperature batteries for geothermal and oil/gas borehole power sources

Guidotti, Ronald A.; Reinhardt, Frederick W.; Odinek, Judy

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.03.007

Cited by 58 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…When comparing our best data with those reported by Guidotti et al, the capacity values that we obtained at C/12 and C/6 were higher [41] In both cases carbon MCMB and the same cycling procedure were used but with 15 wt% of PVDF as a binder [41] At C/12 capacities obtained were 325 mAh g −1 and 375 mAh g −1 , while at C/6 they were 300 mAh g −1 and 325 mAh g −1 , as observed by Guidotti et al and in this study, respectively. However at higher C-rates, the capacity values obtained in our study with XG were slightly lower than what was obtained by their study.…”

Section: Battery Cyclingsupporting

confidence: 78%

Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Courtel

Niketic

Duguay

et al. 2011

Journal of Power Sources

187

116

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Section: Battery Cyclingsupporting

confidence: 78%

Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Courtel

Niketic

Duguay

et al. 2011

Journal of Power Sources

187

116

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“…Discharge performances were evaluated on an electrochemical test system (LAND, CT2001B-A2). The cells were discharged using the constant current test at 0.5 and 2.0 A, respectively, with sampling intervals of 100 ms to the cutoff voltage of 1.5 V [28].…”

Section: Electrochemical Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Liu

et al. 2017

Sci. China Mater.

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Nickel(II) chloride materials were synthesized via a novel two-step variable-temperature method for the use as a cathode material in Li-B/NiCl2 cells with the LiCl-LiBrLiF electrolyte. The influence of temperature on its structure, surface morphology, and electrochemical performance was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical measurements of single cells. XRD results showed that after pre-dehydration for 2 h at 270°C followed by sintering for 5 h at 600°C, the crystal water in nickel chloride hexahydrate could be removed effectively. The SEM results showed that particles recombined to form larger coarse particles and presented a layered structure. Discharge tests showed that the 600°C-treated materials demonstrated remarkable specific c apacities of 210.42 and 242.84 mA h g −1 at constant currents of 0.5 and 2.0 A, respectively. Therefore, the Li-B/NiCl2 thermal battery showed excellent discharge performance. The present work demonstrates that NiCl2 is a promising cathode material for thermal batteries and this two-step variable-temperature method is a simple and useful method for the fabrication of NiCl2 materials.

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“…In the voltage range from OCV 2.58 V to 1.25 V, the CoNi 2 S 4 has an overall capacity of 318 mA h g −1 which is comparable to that of the well-known metal disulfides FeS 2 , CoS 2 and NiS 2 (390, 414 and 413 mA h g −1 , respectively) as shown in Table III. 6,19,[20][21][22][23] The advantage of CoNi 2 S 4 is that this capacity comes from one 'single' discharge process compared to that of MS 2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) which exhibit 'two' discharge processes. The discharge voltage of CoNi 2 S 4 decreases gradually from 1.60 V to 1.25 V, unlike in the case of the FeS 2 , CoS 2 and NiS 2 which exhibit sharper fall-off in voltage in this region.…”

Section: Electrochemical Investigation Of Coni 2 S 4 At 500mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

Giagloglou

Payne

Crouch

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this work CoNi 2 S 4 was investigated as a candidate cathode material for Li thermal batteries. The CoNi 2 S 4 was synthesized by a solid state reaction at 550 • C in a sealed quartz tube. Neutron powder diffraction was utilized to confirm normal spinel structure up to 200 • C, however, there was cation disorder above this temperature. The electrochemical properties of the batteries were investigated at 500 • C by galvanostatic discharge to elucidate the mechanism and the products NiS, Co 3 S 4 and Co 9 S 8 of the discharge mechanism were confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction. CoNi 2 S 4 exhibits two voltage plateaus vs Li 13 Si 4 at 500 • C, one at 1.75 V and the second at 1.50 V. CoNi 2 S 4 has an overall capacity of 318 mA h g −1 from OCV 2.58 V to 1.25 V vs Li 13 Si 4 which is comparable to that of the well-known metal disulfides. Today the human society and technology progress in electric vehicles, medical equipments, military applications and space technology require power systems with high energy, safety and long shelf -life characteristics. There are different kind of power systems such as supercapacitors, fuel cells and thermal batteries for this goal. Thermal batteries are electrochemical devices that offer a direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy by an electrochemical oxidationreduction reaction at high temperature (>300• C) utilizing a molten salt electrolyte. Thermal batteries are primary batteries which find use in a number of applications as they are known for their long shelf life and ability to be discharged at particularly high rates when compared to other types of batteries.1 A key component of thermal batteries is the halide salt electrolyte that is a solid at ambient temperatures which gives the cells their long life but melts in the 300-500• C region. 2 This solid -liquid phase transition leads to the electrolyte becoming ionically conductive and allowing the ions to transfer between the anode and the cathode. Thermal batteries typically use a lithium alloy as the anode, a halide salt eutectic as the electrolyte, an insulating porous material as the separator and a transition metal sulfide as the cathode. The Li 13 Si 4 alloy is often used as the anode as the lithium diffusion in silicon (10 −8 cm −2 s −1 ) is greater than in other alloys 3 and has moisture stability as well as it staying solid at the operating temperature. The discharge reaction of Li 13 Si 4 to Li 7 Si 3 at a potential of 0.157 V against Li metal at 415• C corresponds to a capacity of 485 mA h g −1 .4The electrolyte that has been used in this work is the lithium chloride -potassium chloride eutectic which has a melting point of around 354• C and requires a minimum of 35 wt% MgO as a separator. 5 The most common transition metal disulfides to be used as cathodes are FeS 2 , NiS 2 or CoS 2 and all of these materials exhibit a potential of ∼ 1.70 V vs Li 13 Si 4 at the beginning of their discharge but also have further electrochemical transitions to complete the reduction to the transition metal. 6 T...

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Overview of high-temperature batteries for geothermal and oil/gas borehole power sources

Cited by 58 publications

References 7 publications

Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

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Overview of high-temperature batteries for geothermal and oil/gas borehole power sources

Cited by 58 publications

References 7 publications

Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Variable-temperature preparation and performance of NiCl2 as a cathode material for thermal batteries

Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi2S4as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery

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Product

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Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of CoNi₂S₄as a Novel Cathode Material in a Primary Li Thermal Battery