Overview of Global Papaya Production, Trade, and Consumption

Evans, Edward A.; Ballen, Fredy H.; Crane, Jonathan H.

doi:10.32473/edis-fe913-2012

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Papaya (Carica papaya L., 2n = 18), which is more likely to origin in South Mexico and/or Central America, is an economically and nutritionally important tree fruit crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas [1,2]. Papaya is sweet, flavorful, brightly colored, and uniquely rich in vitamin C and carotenoids, making it rank first on nutritional scores among 38 common fruits and also rank first among fruits consumed [3,4]. Papaya also has valuable medical and industrial applications, including the production of a well-known proteolytic enzyme, papain [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Carica papaya Informs Lineage-Specific Evolution of the Aquaporin (AQP) Family in Brassicales

Zou,

Zheng,

Xie

2023

Plants

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Aquaporins (AQPs), a type of intrinsic membrane proteins that transport water and small solutes across biological membranes, play crucial roles in plant growth and development. This study presents a first genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of the AQP gene family in papaya (Carica papaya L.), an economically and nutritionally important fruit tree of tropical and subtropical regions. A total of 29 CpAQP genes were identified, which represent five subfamilies, i.e., nine plasma intrinsic membrane proteins (PIPs), eight tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), seven NOD26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), two X intrinsic proteins (XIPs), and three small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs). Although the family is smaller than the 35 members reported in Arabidopsis, it is highly diverse, and the presence of CpXIP genes as well as orthologs in Moringa oleifera and Bretschneidera sinensis implies that the complete loss of the XIP subfamily in Arabidopsis is lineage-specific, sometime after its split with papaya but before Brassicaceae–Cleomaceae divergence. Reciprocal best hit-based sequence comparison of 530 AQPs and synteny analyses revealed that CpAQP genes belong to 29 out of 61 identified orthogroups, and lineage-specific evolution was frequently observed in Brassicales. Significantly, the well-characterized NIP3 group was completely lost; lineage-specific loss of the NIP8 group in Brassicaceae occurred sometime before the divergence with Cleomaceae, and lineage-specific loss of NIP2 and SIP3 groups in Brassicaceae occurred sometime after the split with Cleomaceae. In contrast to a predominant role of recent whole-genome duplications (WGDs) on the family expansion in B. sinensis, Tarenaya hassleriana, and Brassicaceae plants, no recent AQP repeats were identified in papaya, and ancient WGD repeats are mainly confined to the PIP subfamily. Subfamily even group-specific evolution was uncovered via comparing exon–intron structures, conserved motifs, the aromatic/arginine selectivity filter, and gene expression profiles. Moreover, down-regulation during fruit ripening and expression divergence of duplicated CpAQP genes were frequently observed in papaya. These findings will not only improve our knowledge on lineage-specific family evolution in Brassicales, but also provide valuable information for further studies of AQP genes in papaya and species beyond.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This assembly spans about 370. 4 Mb fragmented in 17,766 scaffolds (Scfs) [3]. More recently, chromosomal-level assemblies were also described for SunUp and its progenitor Sunset, spanning 351.5 and 350.3 Mb in nine chromosomes (Chrs), respectively [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Carica papaya Informs Lineage-Specific Evolution of the Aquaporin (AQP) Family in Brassicales

Zou,

Zheng,

Xie

2023

Plants

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“…Papaya is the third-most cultivated tropical crop in the world. Brazil and India are the largest producers, although Mexico is the main exporting country [3]. Among common fruits, papaya ranks first on nutritional scores in terms of the percentage of vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, folate, niacin, thiamine, riboflavin, iron, calcium, and fiber [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey, Detection, Characterization of Papaya Ringspot Virus from Southern India and Management of Papaya Ringspot Disease

et al. 2023

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a significant threat to global papaya cultivation, causing ringspot disease, and it belongs to the species Papaya ringspot virus, genus Potyvirus, and family Potyviridae. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and severity of papaya ringspot disease (PRSD) in major papaya-growing districts of Karnataka, India, from 2019 to 2021. The incidence of disease in the surveyed districts ranged from 50.5 to 100.0 percent, exhibiting typical PRSV symptoms. 74 PRSV infected samples were tested using specific primers in RT-PCR, confirming the presence of the virus. The complete genome sequence of a representative isolate (PRSV-BGK: OL677454) was determined, showing the highest nucleotide identity (nt) (95.8%) with the PRSV-HYD (KP743981) isolate from Telangana, India. It also shared an amino acid (aa) identity (96.5%) with the PRSV-Pune VC (MF405299) isolate from Maharashtra, India. Based on phylogenetic and species demarcation criteria, the PRSV-BGK isolate was considered a variant of the reported species and designated as PRSV-[IN:Kar:Bgk:Pap:21]. Furthermore, recombination analysis revealed four unique recombination breakpoint events in the genomic region, except for the region from HC-Pro to VPg, which is highly conserved. Interestingly, more recombination events were detected within the first 1710 nt, suggesting that the 5’ UTR and P1 regions play an essential role in shaping the PRSV genome. To manage PRSD, a field experiment was conducted over two seasons, testing various treatments, including insecticides, biorationals, and a seaweed extract with micronutrients, alone or in combination. The best treatment involved eight sprays of insecticides and micronutrients at 30-day intervals, resulting in no PRSD incidence up to 180 days after transplanting (DAT). This treatment also exhibited superior growth, yield, and yield parameters, with the highest cost–benefit ratio (1:3.54) and net return. Furthermore, a module comprising 12 sprays of insecticides and micronutrients at 20-day intervals proved to be the most effective in reducing disease incidence and enhancing plant growth, flowering, and fruiting attributes, resulting in a maximized yield of 192.56 t/ha.

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“…According to Evans & Ballen (2012), the demand and need for tropical fruits has steadily grown over the last two decades. Global papaya production has increased significantly, mainly due to increased production in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Papaya Fruit Powder Incorporated Instant Drink Mix

Wong

Jusoh

Muhamad

et al. 2023

BBT

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Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit with excellent health benefits. However, papaya fruit with soft flesh is easily damaged and susceptible to oxidative degradation, which is not favourable for extended storage and transportation. One way of preserving papaya fruit is by drying into powdered form using spray-drying or freeze-drying techniques. The papaya fruit powder can then be transformed into various products such as instant drink mix and health supplements. This study aims to develop a suitable formulation of papaya fruit powder incorporated instant drink mix with high nutritional content and good sensory properties. Six different combinations were tried with different amount of papaya powder and other ingredients and evaluated for their physical and sensory properties. According to the results, the most liked Sample 3 has the greatest acceptability score due to its optimal flavour, aroma, and taste. Proximate analysis of Sample 3 revealed moisture content (5.3%), total carbohydrate (77.7%), total fat (0.3%), ash content (4.1%), total dietary fibre (0.2%) and protein (12.6%) which was comparable to available commercial product. Furthermore, the microbial activity test showed that the total plate count of microbes is 7.3×103 CFU/gm which is categorized as accepted and satisfied. This study demonstrates a practical use of powdered papaya fruit incorporated into instant drink mix that can be nutritional and convenient with good sensory properties.

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Overview of Global Papaya Production, Trade, and Consumption

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Analysis of Carica papaya Informs Lineage-Specific Evolution of the Aquaporin (AQP) Family in Brassicales

Analysis of Carica papaya Informs Lineage-Specific Evolution of the Aquaporin (AQP) Family in Brassicales

Survey, Detection, Characterization of Papaya Ringspot Virus from Southern India and Management of Papaya Ringspot Disease

Formulation of Papaya Fruit Powder Incorporated Instant Drink Mix

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