Overview of FES-Assisted Cycling Approaches and Their Benefits on Functional Rehabilitation and Muscle Atrophy

Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review

“…MOTOmed (Reck-Technik GmbH & Co. KG Medizintechnik, Betzenweiler, Germany) and BerkelBike (BerkelBike BV, Sint-Michielsgestel, the Netherlands) are the commercialized FES-assisted cycling ergometers that are widely used in rehabilitation industries. 45 Our review revealed that Cybathlon studies were conducted in many different locations, including Asian countries, 18 , 35 , 36 , 39 South American countries, 18 , 45 the United States, 6 , 18 , 37 Switzerland, 8 , 18 , 46 Australia, 18 England, 23 and Serbia. 22 The wide geographical distribution of Cybathlon studies indicates that FES-evoked cycling is well-researched throughout the world and well-accepted among people with disabilities across different cultures.…”

“…1 ), on the Cybathlon were more frequently cited in 3 of the 5 databases we searched. The articles cited were authored by the participating teams in 2017 8 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 45 , 46 and describe various aspects of the race, including information on the pilots, stimulation strategies, bike details, and training programs. 37 The other types of publications, such as papers from proceedings, 36 , 42 book chapters, 45 editorial material, 6 and reviews, 47 were published in similar quantities.…”

A systematic literature review of ankle-foot orthosis and functional electrical stimulation foot-drop treatments for persons with multiple sclerosis

“…However, many researchers explicitly state the need for more long-term studies to investigate both the potential benefits of FES and the differences between FES and AFO. 16,18,21,22,[30][31][32]34,[36][37][38][39] Some researchers are particularly interested because they hypothesize that long-term use may help maintain muscle mass and tone, have a training effect for correcting gait, and encourage the development of new neuronal pathways for dorsiflexion to be controlled without assistance.…”

“…More research needs to be conducted; in fact, 11 of the evaluated studies explicitly requested further research related to their studies [27][28][29][30][31][32]34,[36][37][38][39] as have some systematic reviews 21,22,42 and other studies as well. [16][17][18] Suggestions for future research More research comparing AFO and FES devices for pwMS needs to be conducted. Building a substantial body of evidence is key for assisting clinicians prescribe customized, effective treatments for foot drop.…”

“…Conversely, FES devices are classified as active (dynamic) because they use transcutaneous electrical stimulation to activate the muscles responsible for dorsiflexion. The mechanics of FES devices help prevent muscle atrophy, [18][19][20] but persons with certain types of neuronal damage and skin sensitivities to adhesive electrode pads or transcutaneous stimulation cannot use these devices. In addition, FES is expensive and usually not covered by insurance providers in the United States, cannot be used in water, and requires periodic maintenance and recalibration.…”