Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review

“…Studies investigating FES systems optimization often report power values instead of cadence, which could advance the discussion about passive orthoses use. In this work, we set up a similar system used for groups at the Cybathlon 2016 and 2020 competitions [5], [10]. Therefore, it is easier for other groups to repeat the methods and compare results, such as cadence performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For each simulation, we observed cadence over time, and calculated two performance parameters: the average crankset cadenceθ c and the standard deviation σθ. We set cadence as a parameter performance, as it often, other works set the system similarly [10]. From these performance parameters, we analyze how τ max and ∆θ could modify the average cadence of a complete cycle with similar muscle excitations (h).…”

Section: B Simulation Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these reasons, researchers focus on optimizing the recruitment of muscle groups (e.g., [8]) and timing the muscle activation (e.g., [9]), which have the most effect on the overall cycling performance. A competition called Cybathlon promoted the use of powered assistive technology, including FES cycling, which boosted the literature contributions on the topic [10]. During the competition, any control strategy was allowed to maximize speed and fatigue resistance [5], e.g., manual triggering or automatic closed-loop control strategies using embedded sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passive Knee Orthoses Assistance in Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in an Individual With Spinal Cord Injury

Sousa

Baptista

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.

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Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) may be used in rehabilitation and assistance of people with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). One significant application is facilitating physical exercise, mainly when combining FES with mechanical platforms, such as tricycles. However, there are still technical challenges in FES cycling protocols, such as improving control and improving cycling performance. Here we show how passive elements in knee orthoses during FES cycling could increase the average cadence, taking advantage of the cycling movement. Our approach is twofold. First, we simulated the forward dynamics of a detailed musculoskeletal model with passive elements over the knees. Simulations showed that specific spring stiffness ranges increased the crankset speed during cycling by more than 50%. Using parameters found in simulations, we built a pair of passive orthoses and performed experiments with one individual with SCI. During two days, the volunteer cycled with similar stimulation magnitude with and without the passive elements. We observed that the average crankset speed was higher by more than 10% when the springs were attached to the passive orthoses. These results show the potential of using passive elements to increase cycling speed for FES cycling with similar or even lower stimulation magnitude, leading to longer exercise duration.

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“…The modified version of the D&B Checklist was not used, as the authors felt it important to adequately represent the sufficient powering of studies as per the original checklist. The following rounded cut-off points were used to categorize studies by quality [ 66 ]: excellent (91%–100%), good (71%–90%), fair (51%–70%), and poor (0%–50%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor responses in individuals with spinal cord injury: A methodological review

et al. 2021

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Background Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a non-invasive modality in which electrodes can stimulate spinal circuitries and facilitate a motor response. This review aimed to evaluate the methodology of studies using tSCS to generate motor activity in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to appraise the quality of included trials. Methods A systematic search for studies published until May 2021 was made of the following databases: EMBASE, Medline (Ovid) and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted the data, and evaluated the quality of included trials. The electrical characteristics of stimulation were summarised to allow for comparison across studies. In addition, the surface electromyography (EMG) recording methods were evaluated. Results A total of 3753 articles were initially screened, of which 25 met the criteria for inclusion. Studies were divided into those using tSCS for neurophysiological investigations of reflex responses (n = 9) and therapeutic investigations of motor recovery (n = 16). The overall quality of evidence was deemed to be poor-to-fair (10.5 ± 4.9) based on the Downs and Black Quality Checklist criteria. The electrical characteristics were collated to establish the dosage range across stimulation trials. The methods employed by included studies relating to stimulation parameters and outcome measurement varied extensively, although some trends are beginning to appear in relation to electrode configuration and EMG outcomes. Conclusion This review outlines the parameters currently employed for tSCS of the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar regions to produce motor responses. However, to establish standardised procedures for neurophysiological assessments and therapeutic investigations of tSCS, further high-quality investigations are required, ideally utilizing consistent electrophysiological recording methods, and reporting common characteristics of the electrical stimulation administered.

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Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Benefits of 1-Yr Home Training With Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in Paraplegia During COVID-19 Crisis

Benefits of 1-Yr Home Training With Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in Paraplegia During COVID-19 Crisis

Passive Knee Orthoses Assistance in Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in an Individual With Spinal Cord Injury

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor responses in individuals with spinal cord injury: A methodological review

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