Overview of Contemporary Toxicity Testing

Blaise, C.; Férard, Jean-François

doi:10.1007/1-4020-3120-3_1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 554 publications

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“…The Microtox toxicity test was carried out using the SDI Model 500 Analyser as specified in the Microtox basic test protocol [21,22]. Prior to analysis, the tar sample extracts (EOM) were solvent-exchanged into 1 mL of DMSO which is less toxic than the dichloromethane: methanol extractant.…”

Section: Microtox Acute Toxicity Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Degradation of Benzo[α]Pyrene in Coal Tar Contaminated Soils Using Biodiesel

To¹,

Dm²

2018

J Bioremediat Biodegrad

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The biodegradation of the potent carcinogen, benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), and other priority pollutants was investigated in un-weathered coal tar contaminated soil over a period of 150 days. Results from the laboratory microcosm experiments showed that after 60 days, the concentrations of BaP were significantly reduced by 81%, in the biodiesel amended samples compared to the 26% and 34% depletion in the control and nutrient-only amended microcosms, respectively. The 3-ring PAH anthracene was also almost completely biodegraded in the presence of biodiesel. However, phenanthrene degradation was significantly inhibited in these samples as only 3% reduction occurred as opposed to the 80% depletion observed in the control. A stepwise treatment approach conducted on the coal tar spiked soil also revealed a higher reduction in BaP (98%) in the biodiesel amended microcosms compared to the control (29%) and further enhanced the depletion of phenanthrene by 51% after 60 days of adding biodiesel to soil initially treated with nutrients. Toxicity assays showed that biodiesel amended microcosms stimulated phosphatase enzyme activity and exhibited a lower toxic response to Microtox Vibrio fischeri. Overall, the pattern observed in the removal of the PAHs using biodiesel, suggests the co-metabolic action of ligninolytic fungi, probably via lignin peroxidases, as also evidenced from the visible growth of moulds after 14 days of amendment. The enhanced removal of carcinogenic PAH and the reduced toxicity observed in soil after biodiesel amendment, indicates that this bioremediation technique has potential for full scale field trials.

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Section: Microtox Acute Toxicity Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Degradation of Benzo[α]Pyrene in Coal Tar Contaminated Soils Using Biodiesel

To¹,

Dm²

2018

J Bioremediat Biodegrad

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“…Measurement of different endpoints can provide valuable toxicological information to derive water quality criteria for the safe release of compounds into aquatic bodies [13,23]. This chapter focuses mainly on those studies performed with freshwater invertebrates that are representative for comparison purposes according to their availability in literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Agrochemicals on Freshwater Invertebrates — A Short Review

Robles-Vargas¹

2015

Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals

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The increase of worldwide population and the need to control pests are some of the factors that have led to the application of agrochemicals on agricultural areas to protect and increase crop production. Nevertheless, these substances are of environmental concern since they can reach water reservoirs and act on non-target organisms. Therefore, different aquatic species have been tested to evaluate their sensitivity to different toxicants, including pesticides, so as to elucidate the secondary effects of these chemicals to estimate safe levels in aquatic media. " wide variety of toxicity tests can be found in literature to evaluate the toxicity of xenobiotics in the environment at organismal and sub-organismal levels under different regimes. This chapter focuses on those tests performed with some freshwater invertebrates cladocerans and rotifers to study the toxicity of four important classes of pesticides.

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Microbiotests in aquatic toxicology: the way forward

Blaise¹,

Férard²

2006

WIT Transactions on Biomedicine and Health, Vol 10

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The industrial revolution has driven the need for ecotoxicology and shaped its evolution. Indeed, the increased use and transformation of (non)renewable resources for over a century to benefit mankind have had a downside and created a plethora of contaminants harmful to the receiving environments. With time, we have gone from an age of darkness in the 1950s (i.e., diagnostic ignorance in terms of recognizing and dealing with contamination) to one of enlightenment as the 21 st century unfolds (i.e., use of tools and strategies to identify and correct environmental pollutions). Effects measurements, reflected by toxicity testing conducted at different levels of biological organization, have proven especially useful to achieve proper hazard/risk assessments of contaminants. Knowing why toxicity testing has been conducted over the past decades to protect and conserve freshwater environments is also essential to grasp the importance and breadth of this field. For this purpose, we have recently reviewed a substantial number of articles describing numerous bioanalytical endeavours undertaken to comprehend toxic effects associated with the discharge of xenobiotics to aquatic environments. Scrutiny of publications identified in our literature search has enabled us to uncover the various ways in which laboratory toxicity tests have been applied, many of which are small-scale in nature. In essence, freshwater toxicity testing has significantly focussed on liquid (complex environmental samples, chemical and biological contaminants) and solid media (sediments) assessment. For both media, miscellaneous studies/initiatives linked to toxicity testing applications have again promoted the development, validation, refinement and use of toxicity testing procedures. Bioassays are clearly an essential component of environmental management programs and several small-scale tests (microbiotests) can be employed to generate cost-effective toxicity data that assist decision-making.

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Overview of Contemporary Toxicity Testing

Cited by 3 publications

References 554 publications

Enhanced Degradation of Benzo[α]Pyrene in Coal Tar Contaminated Soils Using Biodiesel

Enhanced Degradation of Benzo[α]Pyrene in Coal Tar Contaminated Soils Using Biodiesel

Toxicity of Agrochemicals on Freshwater Invertebrates — A Short Review

Microbiotests in aquatic toxicology: the way forward

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