Overexpression and Interactions of Interleukin‐10, Transforming Growth Factor β, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Gholamin, Mehran; Moaven, Omeed; Memar, Bahram; Farshchian, Moein; Naseh, Hossein; Malekzadeh, Reza; Sotoudeh, Masoud; Rajabi-Mashhadi, Mohammad Taghi; Forghani, Maryam; Farrokhi, Farid; Abbaszadegan, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0070-y

Cited by 56 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Some studies have reported that there was no relationship between sTGF-β1 levels and disease progression [14,21]. However, in our study, serum levels of TGF-β1 tended to be higher in advanced oesophageal cancer than those in stage I and II.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…A number of studies have demonstrated enhanced tissue expression of TGF-β1 in many different malignancies, including breast [9], colorectal [10], small intestine [11], gastric [12] and oesophageal adenocarcinomas [13]. The overexpression of TGF-β1 mRNA in ESCC has also been demonstrated [14]. However, a little is known about the concentration of serum TGF-β1 (sTGF-β1) in ESCC patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated levels of serum transforming growth factor-β 1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients

Diakowska¹,

Lewandowski²,

Markocka−Mączka³

et al. 2011

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Background: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in cancer development. The diagnostic significance of serum levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (sTGF-β1) in the oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. The aim of the study was to analyze sTGF-β1 concentrations in ESCC patients. The sTGF-β1 levels were assessed according to the clinical parameters in cancer patients. We determined sTGF-β1 concentrations in ESCC patients before and after oesophagectomy. The correlation between sTGF-β1 and serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (sVEGF-A) was examined as well. Material and methods: The study included 115 patients with ESCC and 57 healthy controls. Concentrations of sTGF-β1 were measured by ELISA tests and were compared with clinical parameters of cancer patients. Serum samples for sTGF-β1 evaluation 3 months after surgical resection were available in 41 cases. Results: Serum TGF-β1 level was significantly higher in ESCC compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Serum levels of TGF-β1 positively correlated with the depth of tumour invasion (p = 0.042). There were no differences in sTGF-β1 levels in patients stratified by the presence of regional and distant metastases and stage of cancer progression. The level of sTGF-β1 was significantly lower in ESCC patients after oesophagectomy than before surgical treatment (p = 0.002). A positive correlation between sTGF-β1 and sVEGF-A (p = 0.017) was observed. Conclusion: TGF-β1 seems to play an important role in tumour progression in ESCC. Further studies are needed to evaluate the utility of this cytokine as possible marker of ESCC.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated levels of serum transforming growth factor-β 1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients

Diakowska¹,

Lewandowski²,

Markocka−Mączka³

et al. 2011

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“…Indeed, tumors have been shown to escape the anti-tumor immune responses by generating an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment. Tumors often produce soluble immunosuppressive factors, such as TGFβ [13,68,69], VEGF [69,70], IL-10 [69,71], iNOS [72,73], PGE 2 [74,75], and gangliosides [76,77], that act on neutrophils and other tumor infiltrating immune cells. Often, progressive immunosuppression is observed at advanced tumor stages, which is partially mediated by tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive immune cells such as regulatory T (Treg) cells, Th17 cells, regulatory dendritic cells, TAMs, TANs and MDSCs.…”

Section: Immunosuppression In the Tumor Microenvironmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VEGF induces bone marrow-derived myeloid cell mobilization to the circulation and through VEGF-mediated upregulation of SDF1/CXCL12 in activated perivascular myofibroblasts, the myeloid cells are kept in close proximity to angiogenic vessels [223]. VEGF is upregulated in a wide variety of tumors [69,[224][225][226][227], as is CXCL12 [228]. CXCL12, that is also upregulated by hypoxia [229], augments CXCR4 expression on vascular endothelial cells [230] and attracts CXCR4 + cells, including neutrophils, to the tumor [223].…”

Section: Neutrophil Recruitment To the Tumor Microenvironmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment

Sionov

Fridlender

Granot

2014

Cancer Microenvironment

336

261

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Neutrophils are myeloid cells that constitute 50-70 % of all white blood cells in the human circulation. Traditionally, neutrophils are viewed as the first line of defense against infections and as a major component of the inflammatory process. In addition, accumulating evidence suggest that neutrophils may also play a key role in multiple aspects of cancer biology. The possible involvement of neutrophils in cancer prevention and promotion was already suggested more than half a century ago, however, despite being the major component of the immune system, their contribution has often been overshadowed by other immune components such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Neutrophils seem to have conflicting functions in cancer and can be classified into anti-tumor (N1) and pro-tumor (N2) sub-populations. The aim of this review is to discuss the varying nature of neutrophil function in the cancer microenvironment with a specific emphasis on the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil mobilization, recruitment and activation.

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“…ESCC is characterized by profound immune dysfunction thought to be caused by cytokine production originating from tumor cells and host immune competent cells (19)(20)(21). In cancer patients, lymphopenia is the surrogate of impaired cell-mediated immunity, whereas neutrophilia is a response to systemic inflammation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a novel marker for nutrition, inflammation and chemotherapy outcome in patients with locally advanced and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common types of cancer, and its progression is strongly influenced by the presence of inflammation. Recently, there has been growing interest in the host inflammatory response, and increasing evidence has indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a useful marker of systemic inflammation, may be an effective prognostic indicator in various types of malignant diseases. In the present study, 260 patients with ESCC were enrolled, including 110 who received chemoradiation therapy (CRT) involving irradiation and chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, and 150 received chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (FP). The patients of each group were both divided into two groups according to their NLR: High NLR (NLR>3.0) and low NLR (NLR≤3.0). Serum levels of prealbumin and retinol binding protein, which are nutritional parameters, were both significantly inversely correlated with NLR in patients treated with CRT, and patients treated with FP. Levels of CRP, a marker of inflammation, were significantly correlated with NLR, and stimulation indices, markers of immune reactions, were inversely correlated with NLR in both of CRT patients and FP patients. In patients treated with CRT, a partial response was significantly higher in patients with a low NLR and with progressive disease compared to those with a high NLR. In patients treated with FP, a partial response was also significantly higher in patients with a low NLR and with progressive disease compared to those with a high NLR. The overall survival of patients with CRT and FP were both significantly worse in patients with a high NLR than in those with a low NLR. NLR may serve as a useful marker of the tumor response, immune suppression, malnutrition and prognosis upon CRT or FP in patients with locally advanced or metastatic ESCC.

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Overexpression and Interactions of Interleukin‐10, Transforming Growth Factor β, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cited by 56 publications

References 48 publications

Elevated levels of serum transforming growth factor-β 1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients

Elevated levels of serum transforming growth factor-β 1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients

The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment

Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a novel marker for nutrition, inflammation and chemotherapy outcome in patients with locally advanced and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

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