Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a novel marker for nutrition, inflammation and chemotherapy outcome in patients with locally advanced and metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

Abstract. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common types of cancer, and its progression is strongly influenced by the presence of inflammation. Recently, there has been growing interest in the host inflammatory response, and increasing evidence has indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a useful marker of systemic inflammation, may be an effective prognostic indicator in various types of malignant diseases. In the present study, 260 patients with ESCC were enrolled, including 110 who received chemoradiation therapy (CRT) involving irradiation and chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, and 150 received chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (FP). The patients of each group were both divided into two groups according to their NLR: High NLR (NLR>3.0) and low NLR (NLR≤3.0). Serum levels of prealbumin and retinol binding protein, which are nutritional parameters, were both significantly inversely correlated with NLR in patients treated with CRT, and patients treated with FP. Levels of CRP, a marker of inflammation, were significantly correlated with NLR, and stimulation indices, markers of immune reactions, were inversely correlated with NLR in both of CRT patients and FP patients. In patients treated with CRT, a partial response was significantly higher in patients with a low NLR and with progressive disease compared to those with a high NLR. In patients treated with FP, a partial response was also significantly higher in patients with a low NLR and with progressive disease compared to those with a high NLR. The overall survival of patients with CRT and FP were both significantly worse in patients with a high NLR than in those with a low NLR. NLR may serve as a useful marker of the tumor response, immune suppression, malnutrition and prognosis upon CRT or FP in patients with locally advanced or metastatic ESCC.

Gustave Roussy Immune Score (GRIm-Score) is a prognostic marker in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

“…The NLR, ALB and LDH are routine laboratory indicators in daily clinical practice. Recent studies reported that inflammation is associated with poor prognosis in cancers, with NLR as a sensitive inflammatory biomarker in several types of cancers, including EC [6][7][8][9]. The levels of ALB, as an important nutritional factor, reflected the nutritional status in a variety of cancers.…”

“…International Publisher [6][7][8][9]. As an important nutritional factor, albumin (ALB) reflected the nutritional status in a variety of cancers.…”

Association between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Gut Microbiota in a Large Population: a Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

“…NLR is not only highly correlated with the prognosis of cancer patients, but it is also correlated with the prognosis of multiple diseases including inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, and tuberculosis 12 – 19 . Patients with an elevated NLR show a relatively decreased number of lymphocytes and an increased number of neutrophils, suggesting that cell-mediated immunity is impaired and systemic inflammation is increased in inflammatory processes 13 , 16 , 20 . Although Forget et al .…”

Successful response to the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma with high tumour mutational burden and PD-L1 expression: a case report

“…Infiltration of lymphocytes into the tumour microenvironment has been found to be related to the response rate and effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Chemotherapy can influence the tumour microenvironment, which leads to an increased infiltration of lymphocytes [ 27 , 28 ]. All these signs allow the possibility of immunotherapy.…”