Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: Part 2. Inositol phosphate esters hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology, jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology

Abstract

This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal (MBM) would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn, affect inositol phosphate (inositol x-phosphate, IPx: IP3, IP4, IP5 and IP6) ester hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology, jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis (NE). Ross 308 male broilers ( n = 768) were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design. Factors were: NE challenge (no or yes), phytase level (500 or 5,000 FTU/kg) and MBM processing (as-received or over-processed). For the NE challenge, half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp. on d 9 and 10 8 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15. A 3-way challenge, phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5 ( P < 0.05) and IP6 ( P < 0.05) levels in the ileum. Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM. Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d; P < 0.001), increased white blood cells (WBC; P < 0.001), decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV; P < 0.001) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; P < 0.05), and decreased crypt-to-villi ratio ( P < 0.05). The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio ( P < 0.05). A 3-way challenge × phytase × MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2 ( MUC-2 ) expression ( P < 0.05) where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression. A lower expression of aminopeptidase N ( APN ; P < 0.001) and vitamin D receptor ( VDR ; P < 0.001) were recorded in NE challenged birds. In conclusion, NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers, but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.

Multi-Omics Revealed the Protective Effects of Rhamnolipids in Lipopolysaccharide Challenged Broilers

“…These findings indicated that RLS could abate intestinal permeability and lessen the degree of intestinal injury in broilers. Tight junctions, such as occludin, claudins, ZO-1, and MUC-2, are crucial components of the intestinal mucosal barrier, sustaining paracellular permeability (33). The present study found that the reduced jejunum MUC-2, clandin-1, and zonula occludens-1 mRNA expression levels were improved by RLS and antibiotics, which is in keeping with the serum DAO and D-LA concentrations of broilers.…”

Interactive effect of dietary calcium and phytase on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: part 2. Gut permeability, phytate ester concentrations, jejunal gene expression, and intestinal morphology

“…The downregulation of MUC2 in the present study because of challenge (with no antibiotic treatment) was rather unexpected as more mucin was needed to defend the mucosa. A recent study did also report the downregulation of MUC2 in the jejunum due to NE ( Zanu et al., 2020b ). It could be conjectured that as the intestine deteriorates, MUC2 expression decreases, slowing the replenishment of the mucus layer.…”

“…Furthermore, in the present study, low phytase led to the upregulation of CACNA. It appears that phytase supplementation at a lower concentration upregulates the expression of calcium-related genes in broilers ( Zanu et al., 2020b ). It could be speculated that a lower phytase supplementation means lower calcium released from the diets; hence, the birds' response to increasing the expression of the related transporting genes.…”

Dietary Garlic Powder Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress through Regulating the Immunity and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broilers

“…In addition, there was only a tendency for antibiotic addition to reduce D-LA and DAO levels, implying that dietary GP in broilers could be a good alternative to antibiotic growth promoter to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa from LPS challenge. Tight junctions, such as occludins and claudins have been identified as crucial transmembrane proteins in intestinal mucosa, sustaining paracellular permeability [ 42 ]. MUC2 is a main part of the intestinal mucus layer and plays an important role in avoiding intestinal mucosal injury [ 42 ].…”

“…Tight junctions, such as occludins and claudins have been identified as crucial transmembrane proteins in intestinal mucosa, sustaining paracellular permeability [ 42 ]. MUC2 is a main part of the intestinal mucus layer and plays an important role in avoiding intestinal mucosal injury [ 42 ]. We found that broilers exhibited up-regulations of jejunal MUC-2 and Claudin-1 response to LSP challenge, which was consistent with previous study [ 43 ].…”