“…Outsourcing (Steinbruch et al, 2022), scalable production process (Mossberg et al, 2018) Cross-complementary skills and expertise (Clarysse and Moray, 2004), motivation and sharing the same end goals (Clarysse and Moray, 2004;Vanaelst et al, 2006) Business model viability Nunes et al (2022) Lean model canvas (Ries, 2011), Business model canvas (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010) Source: Authors' own work Sustainable technology development development and business sustainability". By ensuring STD during the Valley of Death phase, the success of IPR commercialisation by university startups can be enhanced.…”