Output Enhancement of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Hierarchically Regular Cadmium Coordination Polymers for Photocycloaddition

Abstract

Exploiting the well-arranged and tunable frameworks of crystalline materials, we herein report coordination polymers (CPs) with modulated hierarchical structures as triboelectric materials to construct and extend the application scope of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Different lengths and shapes of bridging ligands [4,4′-bpa = 1,2-bis­(4-pyridyl)­ethane, 4,4′-bpe = 1,2-bis­(4-pyridyl)­ethene, and 4,4′-bpp = 1,3-di­(2-pyridyl)­propane for 1, 2, and 3, respectively] were used to construct Cd-CP-based hierarchical frameworks. These compounds were used as triboelectric materials, and their electronic structure contributions were determined by the output of the corresponding TENGs. The results indicated that 2-TENG with the 4,4′-bpe ligand had the highest output, attributed to the improvement in the electron activity due to the π-conjugation group in the bridging ligand, which was further verified by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, 2@PVDF (PVDF = polyvinylidene fluoride) composite films with different concentrations of Cd-CP were prepared. Detailed electrical characterizations revealed that the arrangement of 12% active constituents of Cd-CP-2 effectively enhanced the output performance of 2@PVDF-TENG, which could light up an ultraviolet lamp plate to successfully execute the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition.

Cationic metal–organic framework with charge separation effect as a high output triboelectric nanogenerator material for self-powered anticorrosion

“…Moreover, the metal nodes in the framework establish a path for electron-jump transmission, thereby improving the frictional power-generation performance. 18,19 Therefore, the preparation of new MOF materials for frictional power-generation materials will expand the application range of TENGs.…”

Corn Starch-Derived Gel for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators

“…20 Starch comes in the field of TENG with some interesting tribo-property following their organic polymeric chains. 16,21 Several reports have been published in recent times based on starch and its composite which shows tremendous potential of starch is present in the field of TENG as a tribo active material. 22−30 Sarkar et al showed corn starch as a tribo positive bioplastic material, and later on, Khandelwal et al worked to enhance the electrical output by controlling the hydrophilic property of corn starch.…”

“…Among the many strategies, people are currently interested in enhancing the electrical output and sensitivity of TENG by the incorporation of other materials into the well-known polymeric tribo materials. In recent years, some interesting reports based on composites have been published using the doping materials such as perovskite material (BaTiO 3 ) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), K 0.5 Na 0.5 NbO 3 and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 2D nanomaterial (V 2 CT x ) in silicone solutions, covalent organic framework in poly­(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), metal organic framework in PDMS, different coordinated polymers in PVDF, and biomaterial lignin in PVA. − …”

“…Considering biodegradability factors, scientists are paying attention to biomaterials concerning the dark side of the use of biohazard materials on the environments. , Plenty of starch sources are available such as rice, potato, and corn, and these are bio-friendly and cheap . Starch comes in the field of TENG with some interesting tribo-property following their organic polymeric chains. , Several reports have been published in recent times based on starch and its composite which shows tremendous potential of starch is present in the field of TENG as a tribo active material. − Sarkar et al showed corn starch as a tribo positive bioplastic material, and later on, Khandelwal et al worked to enhance the electrical output by controlling the hydrophilic property of corn starch. , Various biodegradable starches including rice sheet, egg white, chitin, polylactic acid, and silk fibroin have been used to fabricate an environmental hazard-free TENG. − Herein, this report shows that a gel derived from corn starch can enhance the triboelectric output voltage over 100% when the starch gel composite (SGC) was prepared using starch and silicone foam at a mass ratio of 1:1.02 compared to the output voltage of TENG that has been developed using intrinsic silicone foam as one of tribo active materials. Silicone foam has been used as the reference tribo active negative material, and a composite material SGC was formed by varying the mass of the starch gel in the following way: 5, 10, 15, and 20 g starch gel was mixed with 14.47 g of silicone foam separately and developed SGC, and each SGC is referred as SGC 5, SGC 10, SGC 15, and SGC 20, respectively.…”

C–H Azidation System Induced by Visible Light from Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on a Cadmium Coordination Polymer

“…Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), being low-cost, structurally simple, easily fabricated, and highly energy-efficient, had been considered as an availably booming energy harvesting technology to directly harvest and convert mechanical energy (e.g., wave, vibration, raindrop, and wind) into electricity. − Taking advantage of the intrinsic properties of TENGs, various strategies, including materials design, morphology control, charge injection, and device/structure optimization, had been used to assemble and integrate self-powered systems to improve the output performance by minimizing environmental influences. − To meet the application requirements, the selection of suitable triboelectric materials, which were easy to modify and functionalize with excellent chemical stability and high selectivity, was the most effective approach to optimize and regulate the performance but still a challenge. Coordination polymers (CPs) or metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), composed of organic ligands and metal ions or clusters depending on the reticular chemistry, were a fascinating branch of crystalline materials with modular molecular structures. − Benefiting from their reticular nature and well-defined platforms, the structure of CPs could be tuned by direct synthesis or postsynthetic modification to adjust their physicochemical properties. − Owing to their tailorable structure and unique electronic capabilities, we explored how to perfectly incorporate CPs into organic polymers to adjust and control the TENGs’ outputs and broaden the application domain of CP-based TENGs for self-powered photoinduced systems, especially through visible light induced selective organic conversion, which was still in its infancy.…”