Outer radiation belt losses by magnetopause incursions and outward radial transport: new insight and outstanding questions from the Van Allen Probes era

Turner, D. L.; Ukhorskiy, A. Y.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813371-2.00001-9

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…As can be seen, the 750 MeV/G electrons in the inner magnetosphere (L  4.6) actually see enhancements (Δ% PSD > 0) after the dropout event, whereas higher (4.6) L-shells see reductions in PSD (Δ% PSD < 0). That pattern is entirely consistent with losses due to outward radial transport following magnetopause shadowing (e.g., Turner & Ukhorskiy, 2020).…”

Section: Observationssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Currently, it is believed that losses during dropouts are attributable to two mechanisms (e.g., Xiang et al, 2017Xiang et al, , 2018, both of which can act in the presence of adiabatic motion: (a) rapid scattering into the atmospheric loss cones (i.e., either the drift or bounce loss cone), in particular by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves (Aseev et al, 2017;Usanova et al, 2014), and (b) magnetopause shadowing and subsequent enhanced outward radial transport (Turner & Ukhorskiy, 2020, and references therein). However, it remains unclear which are the dominant processes in storm-and nonstorm-time events (e.g., Katsavrias et al, 2015;Morley et al, 2010;Su et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Link Between Outer Radiation Belt Losses and Energetic Electron Escape at the Magnetopause: A Case Study Using Multi‐Mission Observations and Simulations

et al. 2021

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Greater than tens of kiloelectronvolts energetic particles are regularly observed beyond the magnetopause at significantly higher intensities than expected from the solar wind and magnetosheath. However, the debate as to whether these particles (both electrons and ions) are of magnetospheric or solar origin began with the earliest in situ observations and has continued in the literature for several decades (e.g., review by Cohen et al., 2017, and references therein). The root of this debate focuses on whether these energetic particles originate from the solar wind and are accelerated near the bow shock (e.g., shock-drift or diffusive shock acceleration) or if they are magnetospheric particles that have escaped beyond the magnetopause (e.g., through either magnetic reconnection or escape due to finite gyroradius effects). The origin of these particles has wide implication for both heliophysics and planetary science, as similar observations

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Section: Observationssupporting

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Link Between Outer Radiation Belt Losses and Energetic Electron Escape at the Magnetopause: A Case Study Using Multi‐Mission Observations and Simulations

et al. 2021

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“…This loss process generally acts in the outer regions of the radiation belts but can reach lower L shells (e.g., L < 4), where both an adiabatic inflation of the electron drift orbits caused by ring current growth, and/or outward radial transport can enhance the losses. A dedicated review to magnetopause losses is available in Turner and Ukhorskiy (). On the other hand, wave particle interactions occur throughout the radiation belts and are particularly prevalent inside the plasmasphere.…”

Section: Particle Loss In the Inner And Outer Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Dynamics in the Earth's Radiation Belts: Review of Current Research and Open Questions

et al. 2020

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The past decade transformed our observational understanding of energetic particle processes in near‐Earth space. An unprecedented suite of observational systems was in operation including the Van Allen Probes, Arase, Magnetospheric Multiscale, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, Cluster, GPS, GOES, and Los Alamos National Laboratory‐GEO magnetospheric missions. They were supported by conjugate low‐altitude measurements on spacecraft, balloons, and ground‐based arrays. Together, these significantly improved our ability to determine and quantify the mechanisms that control the buildup and subsequent variability of energetic particle intensities in the inner magnetosphere. The high‐quality data from National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Van Allen Probes are the most comprehensive in situ measurements ever taken in the near‐Earth space radiation environment. These observations, coupled with recent advances in radiation belt theory and modeling, including dramatic increases in computational power, have ushered in a new era, perhaps a “golden era,” in radiation belt research. We have edited a Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Science Special Collection dedicated to Particle Dynamics in the Earth's Radiation Belts in which we gather the most recent scientific findings and understanding of this important region of geospace. This collection includes the results presented at the American Geophysical Union Chapman International Conference in Cascais, Portugal (March 2018) and many other recent and relevant contributions. The present article introduces and review the context, current research, and main questions that motivate modern radiation belt research divided into the following topics: (1) particle acceleration and transport, (2) particle loss, (3) the role of nonlinear processes, (4) new radiation belt modeling capabilities and the quantification of model uncertainties, and (5) laboratory plasma experiments.

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“…The electron losses caused by magnetopause shadowing occur when the magnetopause moves inward because of enhancements in the solar wind dynamic pressure and because electrons at high L ‐shells find themselves at open drift shells (e.g., Turner et al, 2012a; Morley et al, 2013; Turner and Ukhorskiy, 2020). Electrons at lower L ‐shells move outward because of the sharp radial gradients of electron phase space density (PSD), and they experience decay (e.g., Keika et al, 2005; Shprits et al, 2006; Matsumura et al, 2011; Turner et al, 2012b; Glauert et al, 2014; Ukhorskiy et al, 2015; Tu WC et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the loss mechanisms of radiation belt electron dropouts during the 12 September 2014 geomagnetic storm

Ma¹,

Xiang²,

Ni³

et al. 2020

Earth and Planetary Physics

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The loss mechanisms of radiation belt dropout during the 12 September 2014 storm were investigated using satellite measurements q During the initial phase of the storm, magnetopause shadowing was the dominant loss mechanism, supported by energyindependent decay and butterfly pitch angle distributions (PADs) q The wave-particle interactions played an important role in >1 MeV electron loss during the main phase of the storm and produced 90-peaked PADs at L < 4

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Outer radiation belt losses by magnetopause incursions and outward radial transport: new insight and outstanding questions from the Van Allen Probes era

Cited by 19 publications

References 96 publications

Investigating the Link Between Outer Radiation Belt Losses and Energetic Electron Escape at the Magnetopause: A Case Study Using Multi‐Mission Observations and Simulations

Investigating the Link Between Outer Radiation Belt Losses and Energetic Electron Escape at the Magnetopause: A Case Study Using Multi‐Mission Observations and Simulations

Particle Dynamics in the Earth's Radiation Belts: Review of Current Research and Open Questions

On the loss mechanisms of radiation belt electron dropouts during the 12 September 2014 geomagnetic storm

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