Outbreaks of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in Libya and Saudi Arabia During 2013 Due to an Exotic O/
            <scp>ME</scp>
            ‐
            <scp>SA</scp>
            /Ind‐2001 Lineage Virus

Knowles, Nick J.; Bachanek‐Bankowska, Katarzyna; Wadsworth, Jemma; Mioulet, Valérie; Valdazo-González, Begoña; Eldaghayes, Ibrahim; Dayhum, Abdunaser; Kammon, Abdulwahab; Sharif, Monier; Waight, S.; Shamia, Ahmed; Tenzin, Sangay; Wernery, Ulrich; Grazioli, Santina; Brocchi, Emiliana; Subramaniam, Saravanan; Pattnaik, Bramhadev; King, Donald P.

doi:10.1111/tbed.12299

Cited by 52 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…The wider aim of this work was to support surveillance activities that are required in order for the country to progress from PCP-FMD stage 1 to stage 2. These studies complemented phylogenetic analysis of sequences recovered from FMD virus positive samples collected from Libya that indicated a strain belonging to O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage, which is derived from the Indian subcontinent, was circulating in the country (Valdazo-González et al, 2014;Knowles et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…FMD is known to be present in Libya, and periodic outbreaks have occurred since 1959 (Samuel et al, 1999). As reported in the molecular epidemiology/genotyping reports of the World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD; The Pirbright Institute, UK) only three serotypes have been confirmed in Libya: O (since 1959 and many following years until 2013), A (1979 and 2009) and SAT-2 (2003 and (Samuel et al, 1999;Knowles et al, 2016;WRLFMD, 2016). Libya currently is qualified in stage 1 of the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP-FMD) (FAO-OIE, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya

Eldaghayes¹,

Dayhum²,

Kammon³

et al. 2017

Open Vet J.

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Sporadic outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in Libya for almost fifty years. During the spring of 2013, a countrywide serosurvey was undertaken to assess the level of FMD virus circulation and identify FMD virus serotypes in the country. A total of 4221 sera were collected, comprising samples from large ruminants (LR; n=1428 samples from 357 farms) and small ruminants (SR; n=2793 samples from 141 farms). FMD sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies determined by ELISA were 19.0% (271/1428) with 95% CI (16.9 -21.0) and 13.5% (378/2793) with 95% CI (12.3 -14.8) for LR and SR samples, respectively. The sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies in LR was 12.3% and 19.8% for age group < 1 year and ≥ 1 year, respectively (X 2 = 4.95, P= 0.026), while in SR was 3.7%, 13.6% and 21.3% for age group < 1 year, 1-2 year and > 2 year, respectively (X 2 = 118.1, P= 0.000). These observed NSP serologic profiles support the hypothesis of an endemic level of FMD circulation in Libya. All positive sera were tested for SP antibodies for O, A and SAT-2 FMD virus serotypes. Serotype O was the dominant circulating serotype followed by serotype A, while evidence of SAT-2 was not found. These data provide an insight into the wider epidemiology of FMD in Libya, and contribute to field and laboratory investigations that during 2013 serotype O (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage) was isolated from clinical samples collected from the country.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya

Eldaghayes¹,

Dayhum²,

Kammon³

et al. 2017

Open Vet J.

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“…Other FMDV strains collected before the initial characterization of the lineage (between 1995–2002) in Jordan, Israel, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Palestinian Autonomous Territories were later classified within the Ind-2001 lineage [13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were no further (known) incursions of this lineage outside the Indian subcontinent until 2013, when outbreaks in Libya and Saudi Arabia were reported [13, 15]. Additional outbreaks in Sri Lanka caused by this virus were reported in 2013 and 2014 [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/Ind-2001d in Vietnam

Long

Brito

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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In recent years, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, topotype Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA), lineage Ind-2001d has spread from the Indian subcontinent to the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. In the current report, we describe the first detection of this lineage in Vietnam in May, 2015 in Đắk Nông province. Three subsequent outbreaks caused by genetically related viruses occurred between May–October, 2015 after which the virus was not detected in clinical outbreaks for at least 15 subsequent months. The observed outbreaks affected (in chronological order): cattle in Đắk Nông province, pigs in Đắk Lắk province and Đắk Nông province, and cattle in Ninh Thuận province. The clinical syndromes associated with these outbreaks were consistent with typical FMD in the affected species. Overall attack rate on affected premises was 0.85 in pigs and 0.93 in cattle over the course of the outbreak. Amongst 378 pigs at risk on affected premises, 85 pigs died during the outbreaks; there were no deaths among cattle. The manner in which FMDV/O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was introduced into Vietnam remains undetermined; however, movement of live cattle is the suspected route. This incursion has substantial implications for epidemiology and control of FMD in Southeast Asia.

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“…FMDV-Ind2001d has also spread to the Middle East including Saudi Arabia in 2013 [18] and Bahrain in 2015 [20]. The lineage was also reported from North African countries including Libya in 2013 [21], Algeria in 2014, and Tunisia in 2014 [19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Associated Abortion and Vertical Transmission following Acute Infection in Cattle under Natural Conditions

et al. 2016

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild host species. During recent FMD outbreaks in India, spontaneous abortions were reported amongst FMD-affected and asymptomatic cows. The current study was an opportunistic investigation of these naturally occurring bovine abortions to assess causality of abortion and vertical transmission of FMDV from infected cows to fetuses. For this purpose, fetal tissue samples of eight abortuses (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, palatine tonsil, umbilical cord, soft palate, tongue, lungs, and submandibular lymph node) were collected and screened by various detection methods, including viral genome detection, virus isolation, and immunomicroscopy. Amongst these cases, gross pathological changes were observed in 3 abortuses. Gross pathological findings included blood-tinged peritoneal and pleural effusions and myocarditis. Hearts of infected calves had mild to moderate degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium with moderate infiltration by mixed inflammatory cells. Localization of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in lungs and soft palate by immunomicroscopy. FMDV serotype O viral genome was recovered from 7 of 8 cases. Infectious FMDV serotype O was rescued by chemical transfection of the total RNA extracted from three soft palate samples and was sequenced to confirm 100% identity of the VP1 (capsid) coding region with isolates collected from infected cattle during the acute phase of infection. Based upon these findings, it may be concluded that FMDV-associated abortion occurred among the infected pregnant cows included within this study and FMDV was subsequently transmitted vertically to fetuses. This is the first documentation of FMDV-associated abortions in cattle.

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Outbreaks of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in Libya and Saudi Arabia During 2013 Due to an Exotic O/ ME ‐ SA /Ind‐2001 Lineage Virus

Cited by 52 publications

References 13 publications

Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya

Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya

First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/Ind-2001d in Vietnam

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Associated Abortion and Vertical Transmission following Acute Infection in Cattle under Natural Conditions

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