Outbreak of Salmonellosis Linked to Live Poultry from a Mail-Order Hatchery

Gaffga, Nicholas; Behravesh, Casey Barton; Ettestad, Paul; Smelser, Chad; Rhorer, A.; Cronquist, Alicia; Comstock, Nicole; Bidol, Sally; Patel, Nehal; Gerner‐Smidt, Peter; Keene, William E.; Gomez, Thomas M.; Hopkins, Brett A.; Sotir, Mark J.; Angulo, Frederick J.

doi:10.1056/nejmoa1111818

Cited by 51 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Since 2007, most reported outbreaks have been traced back to a hatchery that distributed infectious chicks to feed stores and/ or directly to consumers. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Earlier outbreaks identified poultry contact as a risk factor, but did not specify hatcheries of origin. [31][32][33] While contact with poultry was an identified risk factor for infection for a majority of cases, data on specific behaviors related to poultry contact were typically missing.…”

Section: Zoonotic Infections and Backyard Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

et al. 2015

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Objectives. Backyard poultry ownership is increasingly common in U.S. cities and is regulated at the local level. Human contact with live poultry is a wellknown risk for infection with zoonotic pathogens, notably Salmonella, yet the ability of local jurisdictions to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission from poultry to humans is unstudied. We reviewed urban poultry ordinances in the United States and reported Salmonella outbreaks from backyard poultry to identify regulatory gaps in preventing zoonotic pathogen transmission. Based on this analysis, we propose regulatory guidelines for U.S. cities to reduce infectious disease risk from backyard poultry ownership.Methods. We assessed local ordinances in the 150 most populous U.S. jurisdictions for content related to noncommercial poultry ownership using online resources and communications with government officials. We also performed a literature review using publicly available data sources to identify human infectious disease outbreaks caused by contact with backyard poultry.Results. Of the cities reviewed, 93% (n139) permit poultry in some capacity. Most urban poultry ordinances share common characteristics focused on reducing nuisance to neighbors. Ordinances do not address many pathways of transmission relevant to poultry-to-human transmission of pathogens, such as manure management.Conclusions. To reduce the risk of pathogen exposure from backyard poultry, urban ordinances should incorporate the following seven components: limited flock size, composting of manure in sealed containers, prohibition of slaughter, required veterinary care to sick birds, appropriate disposal of dead birds, annual permits linked to consumer education, and a registry of poultry owners.

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Section: Zoonotic Infections and Backyard Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

et al. 2015

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“…[8][9][10] One case in the USA confirmed a single mail-order poultry hatchery was responsible for an 8-year Salmonella outbreak and thousands of infections in 43 states. 11 Salmonella typhimurium has been isolated from 40% of hatchlings and 1% of older ducklings in Taiwan, even though clear host species specific differences have also been detected. 12 Salmonella has been previously isolated from imported DOD in Brazil and the USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Salmonella has been previously isolated from imported DOD in Brazil and the USA. 11,13,14 Additionally, a significant amount of the infected duck products contained multi-drug-resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens. 15 Because the prevalence of Salmonella in duck products poses a risk to human populations, an urgent need exists to investigate the prevalence, disease risk to human populations, and the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars and specific clones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization ofSalmonella entericain day-old ducklings in Egypt

Osman

Marouf

Zolnikov

et al. 2013

Pathogens and Global Health

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Importing day-old ducklings (DOD) unknowingly infected with non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) may be associated with disease risk. Domestic and international trade may enhance this risk. Salmonella enterica serovars, their virulence genes combinations and antibiotic resistance, garner attention for their potentiality to contribute to the adverse health effects on populations throughout the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of imported versus domestic DOD as potential carriers of NTS. The results confirm the prevalence of salmonellosis in imported ducklings was 18.5% (25/135), whereas only 12% (9/75) of cases were determined in the domestic ducklings. Fourteen serovars (Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella kisii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella gaillac, Salmonella uno, Salmonella eingedi, Salmonella shubra, Salmonella bardo, Salmonella inganda, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella stanley, Salmonella virchow, Salmonella haifa, and Salmonella anatum) were isolated from the imported ducklings, whereas only S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. virchow, and S. shubra were isolated from the domestic ducklings. The isolated Salmonella serovars were 100% susceptible to only colistin sulphate and 100% resistant to lincomycin. The 14 Salmonella serovars were screened for 11 virulence genes (invA, avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, sopB, gipA, sodC1, sopE1, spvC, and bcfC) by PCR. The invA, sopB, and bcfC genes were detected in 100% of the Salmonella serovars; alternatively, the gipA gene was absent in all of the isolated Salmonella serovars. The 11 virulent genes were not detected in either of S. stanley or S. haifa serovars. The results confirm an association between antibiotic resistance and virulence of Salmonella in the DOD. This study confirms the need for a country adherence to strict public health and food safety regimes.

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“…54 Food contaminated with Salmonella is not the only route of transmission; children have also acquired Salmonella infections from direct contact with livestock 55 and live poultry and other animals or their environments. 56,57 The CDC estimated in 2013 4 that there are 1.2 million Salmonella infections in the United States per year, of which 100 000 are drugresistant. Five percent of nontyphoidal Salmonella are resistant to 5 or more classes of antibiotic drugs.…”

Section: Salmonella Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontherapeutic Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Agriculture: Implications for Pediatrics

Paulson¹,

Zaoutis²

2015

Pediatrics

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Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health globally and threatens our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antimicrobialresistant infections are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Infants and children are affected by transmission of susceptible and resistant food zoonotic pathogens through the food supply, direct contact with animals, and environmental pathways. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine is, in large part, responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Approximately 80% of the overall tonnage of antimicrobial agents sold in the United States in 2012 was for animal use, and approximately 60% of those agents are considered important for human medicine. Most of the use involves the addition of low doses of antimicrobial agents to the feed of healthy animals over prolonged periods to promote growth and increase feed efficiency or at a range of doses to prevent disease. These nontherapeutic uses contribute to resistance and create new health dangers for humans. This report describes how antimicrobial agents are used in animal agriculture, reviews the mechanisms of how such use contributes to development of resistance, and discusses US and global initiatives to curb the use of antimicrobial agents in agriculture.

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Outbreak of Salmonellosis Linked to Live Poultry from a Mail-Order Hatchery

Cited by 51 publications

References 5 publications

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

Isolation and characterization ofSalmonella entericain day-old ducklings in Egypt

Nontherapeutic Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Agriculture: Implications for Pediatrics

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