Outbreak of Q Fever Associated with a Horse-Boarding Ranch, Colorado, 2005

Bamberg, Wendy; Pape, W. John; Beebe, James L.; Nevin-Woods, Christine; Ray, William C.; Maguire, Hugh; Nucci, Justin; Massung, Robert F.; Gershman, Ken

doi:10.1089/vbz.2007.0104

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The three other studies reported the presence of C. burnetii DNA in dust (17) or primarily soil samples from a geographically large area in the United States (11,14). The latter three studies investigated the presence of C. burnetii DNA in soil samples (6) and surface swabs (1,9) in relation to human Q fever outbreaks.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on Small-Ruminant Farms during a Q Fever Outbreak in the Netherlands

Bruin

Plaats

Heer

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on Small-Ruminant Farms during a Q Fever Outbreak in the Netherlands

Bruin

Plaats

Heer

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Chronic Q fever usually presents as a culture-negative endocarditis. Recent outbreaks of Q fever have been associated with exposure to C. burnetii via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from infected livestock (cows, sheep, or goats) (1,14,15). C. burnetii can replicate to high levels in the placentas of infected animals and is an established endemic abortifacient in goats and sheep (2,9).…”

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confidence: 99%

Coxiella burnetii Infection of a Steller Sea Lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Found in Washington State

et al. 2010

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A pregnant sea lion stranded in the State of Washington was found to have placentitis caused by a unique strain of Coxiella burnetii. This is the first description of coxiellosis in a sea lion and suggests that exposure to sea lions may be a risk factor for contracting Q fever. CASE REPORTA pregnant adult female Steller sea lion (Stranding number WDFW2008-058) was found dead on the beach at Westhaven State Park in Westport, WA (lat 46.8981, long 124.1307), on 9 June 2008. The adult female had an estimated weight of 250 to 300 kg and was in fair body condition. Based on the condition of the body and the frequency of beach surveys in the area, the time since death was estimated at approximately 3 days. The animal was in moderate postmortem condition. The abdominal cavity was distended by the enlarged uterus, a near-term fetus, and approximately 2 liters of creamy, brown-pink exudate. Fish bones were dispersed throughout the omentum, and there was pronounced thickening and opacification of the omentum and mesentery. The spleen was moderately enlarged, and there was pronounced injection of the meningeal vasculature, with scattered hemorrhage throughout the surface of the brain. Gross necropsy of the fetus disclosed a near-term male with a weight of 19 kg. The fetus was in good body condition. The liver was friable, with scattered hemorrhage noted randomly through the lobes. The meningeal vessels were congested. Samples of representative organs were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in wax, sectioned at 5 m, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.The most significant histological findings of the adult female were moderate diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia of the lymph nodes, diffuse pulmonary edema, and mild encephalitis. The fetus showed edema, with aspirated squames through the pulmonary parenchyma. The placenta also showed aggregates of enlarged trophoblasts within the chorioallantoic villi that had vacuolated granular cytoplasm.Ancillary diagnostic testing was performed at the British Columbia Animal Health Center. Bacterial cultures on blood agar showed light growth of Enterococcus spp. within the fetus lung, brain, spleen, and small intestine and the adult uterus. This was attributed to postmortem overgrowth. Cultures from adult and fetal small intestines in selenite broth followed by plating on XLT4 and Hektoen enteric agar tested negative for Salmonella spp. Pooled tissue (lymph node, lung, spleen, brain, uterus, and thymus) for both the adult and fetus was negative by PCR for Brucella spp. and morbillivirus (3,5,8). Brain, heart, and skeletal muscle samples from the adult and the fetus were submitted to the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, Bethesda,

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“…The presence of C. burnetii in herds of livestock and the known association of animal contact with human exposure (2,5,24,27) raise the possibility that the numbers of livestock at a given site could influence the ability to find Coxiella-positive samples. To investigate this possibility, the percentage of positive samples at each site was compared to the density of cows and sheep at each site.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The locations that contained C. burnetii DNA were quite diverse. The presence of C. burnetii in domesticated animal populations has been well established (2,5,10,24,27), so it is not surprising that C. burnetii DNA was found at dairy farms, cattle feed lots, veterinary hospitals, and goat-breeding facilities. However, many samples positive for C. burnetii DNA were collected from locations that had no livestock present.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in the Environment of the United States, 2006 to 2008

Kersh

Wolfe

Fitzpatrick

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease Q fever. Because C. burnetii is highly infectious, can survive under a variety of environmental conditions, and has been weaponized in the past, it is classified as a select agent and is considered a potential bioweapon. The agent is known to be present in domestic livestock and in wild animal populations, but the background levels of C. burnetii in the environment have not been reported. To better understand the amount of C. burnetii present in the environment of the United States, more than 1,600 environmental samples were collected from six geographically diverse parts of the United States in the years 2006 to 2008. DNA was purified from these samples, and the presence of C. burnetii DNA was evaluated by quantitative PCR of the IS1111 repetitive element. Overall, 23.8% of the samples were positive for C. burnetii DNA. The prevalence in the different states ranged from 6 to 44%. C. burnetii DNA was detected in locations with livestock and also in locations with primarily human activity (post offices, stores, schools, etc.). This study demonstrates that C. burnetii is fairly common in the environment in the United States, and any analysis of C. burnetii after a suspected intentional release should be interpreted in light of these background levels. It also suggests that human exposure to C. burnetii may be more common than what is suggested by the number of reported cases of Q fever.

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Outbreak of Q Fever Associated with a Horse-Boarding Ranch, Colorado, 2005

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on Small-Ruminant Farms during a Q Fever Outbreak in the Netherlands

Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on Small-Ruminant Farms during a Q Fever Outbreak in the Netherlands

Coxiella burnetii Infection of a Steller Sea Lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) Found in Washington State

Presence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in the Environment of the United States, 2006 to 2008

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