Outbreak of foot and mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants in sheep flock imported for immediate slaughter in Riyadh

Abstract

Aim:To detect and identify the causative agent or agents of the following clinical symptoms which were fever, lack of appetite, salivation, vesiculation, erosions of the buccal mucosa, nose, and feet. The signs vary from mild to severe. The mortality rate of the disease is high. The morbidity rate reaches up to 100%. Sheep also show bloody diarrhea and rapid respiration. Sheep flock resident in El-Kharje Governorate.Materials and Methods:A total of 50 serum samples and 50 buffy coat samples were collected from Marino sheep flock suffered from high mortalities, fever, lameness, diarrhea, stomatitis, and respiratory distress. PrioCHECK® foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural (NS) (marketable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] kit) was used for revealing of the NS antibodies and liquid phase blocking enzyme immunoassay (LPBE) for identifying the FMD serotype and examined by competitive ELISA (cELISA) for detection of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) antibodies. The buffy coat samples were examined by immunocapture ELISA (Ic ELISA) for detection of PPR antigen.Results:Using PrioCHECK® FMDV NS: Commercial ELISA kit: 38/50 (76%) of the serum samples were positive for the presence of FMD NS viral proteins. In addition, using LPBE the positive samples were identified as FMD serotype O. Examination of the serum sample by cELISA for detection of PPR antibodies gave positive results in 32/50 (64%). While the Ic ELISA identified 32 (64%) positive reactors for PPR antigen.Conclusion:This study reflected high susceptibility of the imported sheep flocks to the infection with FMD and PPR viruses, which are endemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Hence, the imported flocks that prepared for slaughter must be vaccinated with the used vaccine in KSA in the quarantine for the control of FMD especially when importation occurs from counters that are free from these diseases.

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

“…The highest proportion of seropositivity could be attributed to the illegal introduction of animals from Sudan; thus, animals such as sheep and goats, if imported legally, must be put in quarantine before entering the country. Furthermore, many factors increase animal susceptibility to PPRV, including young age, low maternal immunity intake, poor nutritional status, and drastic climatic conditions [ 1 ]. Moreover, in a study [ 35 ] of 110 serum samples from ill, recovered, and apparently healthy animals that were tested for the presence of PPR antibodies by c-ELISA, 84 animals were positive for PPR antibodies .…”

“…This indicates that small ruminants, when kept in close contact with large ruminants, could serve as reservoirs of FMD virus and as potential sources of infection for susceptible livestock. Results of detection of FMDV and PPRV antibodies using the OD of the ID Vet c-ELISA Kit and the ID screen PPR Competition ELISA Kit, respectively, indicated that testing of 50 serum samples from the Marino sheep flock resulted in 38/50 (76%) and 32/50 (64%) positive for antibodies against FMDV and PPRV, respectively [ 1 ]. The study reflected the high susceptibility of the imported flock to infection with FMDV and PPRV, which are viruses that are endemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; as such, so the flocks imported for slaughter should be quarantined and vaccinated.…”

“…The diagnosis of viral illnesses is necessary for determining control strategies and identifying the prevalence of viruses in different forms. Many viral pathogens such as the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), bluetongue virus (BTV), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were among those that induce serious economic losses in the field [ 1 ]; consequently, control of these illnesses is essential, not only for reducing economic losses but also for increasing livestock production.…”

Serological investigation of some important RNA viruses affecting sheep and goats in Giza and Beni-Suef governorates in Egypt

“…High prevalence of antibodies in the examined animals may be due to their presence next to cows, which is the main reservoir of the BTV. Mixed breeding between different species of livestock is an obstacle in the control operations and a means of transmitting diseases between these species [ 47 ].…”

Foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind 2001 lineage outbreak in vaccinated Holstein Friesian cattle in Saudi Arabia in 2016

“…Although various FMDV vaccines are available in most countries, ongoing outbreaks are still reported in some of these animal populations (Eble et al 2015). Also in Saudi Arabia, several FMDV outbreaks have been reported (Samuel et al 1988; Abd El-Rahim et al 2016; Mahmoud and Galbat 2017). One study during 1986–1987 reported the detection of serotype A in some animals from Saudi Arabia and Iran (Samuel et al 1988).…”