Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018

Arunkumar, Govindakarnavar; Radhakrishnan, Chandni; Mourya, Devendra T.; Singh, Sujeet Kumar; Sadanandan, Rajeev; Sudan, Preeti; Bhargava, Balram; People, Nipah Investigators

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy612

Cited by 209 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

166

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In Kerala, the index patient, the first infected individual of the community is believed to have contracted NiV from infected fruit bats, though this information is not substantiated ( Figure 3C). All other patients contracted the disease through nosocomial transmission and hence person-to-person transmission frequency was high in Kerala and similar to the rates in West Bengal and Bangladesh [10,32].…”

Section: Transmission Of Nivmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The third, recent, and most intense NiV outbreak occurred in the state of Kerala during May 2018, where 23 NiV positive patients were identified with a case-fatality rate of 91% [10,44]. The outbreak began on 2nd May, 2018 in Kozhikode with a 27 year old man who was admitted to hospital with a fever and myalgia.…”

Section: Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, no clinical or statistical evidence was available to prove the incidence, though the spread was mostly through nosocomial infection. All the outbreaks have recorded high rates of fatality including the 91% mortality rate during the recent Kerala outbreak [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Pillai

Krishna

Veettil

2020

Viruses

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world's deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private-public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.

show abstract

Section: Transmission Of Nivmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Pillai

Krishna

Veettil

2020

Viruses

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Since the first outbreaks of HeV in Australia in 1994 and of NiV in Malaysia in 1998, HeV repeatedly infected horses in Australia with resultant human exposures 4 , while food-borne mediated NiV spillovers have occurred nearly every year in Bangladesh 5 . Furthermore, NiV outbreaks have occurred in the Philippines and in India 6 . Besides Asia and Oceania, the detection of anti-HNV antibodies in humans and Pteropus bats in Africa, a continent in which no documented NiV or HeV outbreaks have occurred, further suggests that future HNV zoonotic emergence is likely to happen 7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An antibody against the F glycoprotein inhibits Nipah and Hendra virus infections

Dang

Chan

Park

et al. 2019

Nat Struct Mol Biol

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are zoonotic henipaviruses (HNVs) responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory illness with fatality rates of 50-100%. No vaccines or licensed therapeutics currently exist to protect humans against NiV or HeV. HNVs enter host cells by fusing the viral and cellular membranes via the concerted action of the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins, the main targets of the humoral immune response. Here, we describe the isolation and humanization of a potent monoclonal antibody cross-neutralizing NiV and HeV. Cryo-electron microscopy, triggering and fusion studies show the antibody binds to a prefusion-specific quaternary epitope, conserved in NiV F and HeV F glycoproteins, and prevents membrane fusion and viral entry. This work supports the importance of the HNV prefusion F conformation for eliciting a robust immune response and paves the way for using this antibody for prophylaxis and post-exposure therapy withNiV-and HeV-infected individuals.

show abstract

“…The prototypic henipaviruses (HNV), Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV), are biosafety level four (BSL4) pathogens responsible for severe human disease that is associated with rapid onset and case fatality rates that can exceed 90% [1][2][3]. Combined, the extreme disease pathologies, absence of a licensed vaccine, paucity of medical intervention options, and zoonotic potential delineate HNVs as an acute and persistent threat to global biosecurity, economy, and health [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A key region of molecular specificity orchestrates unique ephrin-B1 utilization by Cedar virus

Pryce

Azarm

Rissanen

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The prototypic henipaviruses (HNV), Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV), are emergent zoonotic pathogens responsible for frequent and fatal outbreaks of severe disease in domestic animals and humans. The HNV attachment glycoprotein (G) is a critical determinant of host-species and cell-type tropism. Utilization of highly conserved B-type ephrin ligands as functional entry receptors engenders HNVs with a broad permissive host range, accounts for zoonotic spillover, and is closely aligned with observed disease pathologies. Recent studies have uncovered numerous divergent clades of HNVs globally. Cedar virus (CedV), the closest relative of HeV and NiV identified to date, can establish experimental infections, yet has not been observed to cause overt disease. While the apathogenic phenotype may be attributed to a lack of P-gene derived interferon antagonists, the V and W accessory proteins, additional determinants of differential HNV pathobiology could be involved. Here, through comparative functional and structural analysis of CedV-G, we characterize molecular interactions critical to viral entry. We demonstrate that CedV possesses a unique cellular entry receptor repertoire which, in addition to functional utilization of the common HNV receptor, ephrin-B2, includes the hitherto uncharacterized interaction with ephrin-B1. Crystal structures reveal a conserved recognition mode between diverse HNV-G proteins and their distinct ephrin receptors and identify a region of molecular specificity within CedV-G that is a key determinant of ephrin selectivity. This work provides a platform for understanding the functional diversity and varied receptor tropism characteristics of HNV glycoproteins that will facilitate assessment of the pathogenic potential and transmissibility of newly discovered and uncharacterized HNVs.

show abstract

Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018

Cited by 209 publications

References 16 publications

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

An antibody against the F glycoprotein inhibits Nipah and Hendra virus infections

A key region of molecular specificity orchestrates unique ephrin-B1 utilization by Cedar virus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About