Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Pillai, Vinod Soman; Krishna, Gayathri; Veettil, Mohanan Valiya

doi:10.3390/v12040465

Cited by 117 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The first recognized outbreak is thought to have occurred on Malaysian pig farms, where asymptomatic bats in tree branches hanging above farms transmitted NiV in their saliva and other secretions to pigs below leading to rampant pig-pig and pig-to-human transmission via respiratory and other secretions ( 149 ). More than 300 human cases and 105 patient deaths occurred ( 150 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since this, outbreaks have been recognized in Bangladesh and India nearly annually since 2001 from a related and potentially more dangerous strain of NiV, with additional outbreaks in the Philippines stemming from NiV-infected horses ( 132 , 149 , 153 , 154 ). Human case clustering in these recent NiV outbreaks supports a concerning new feature of person-to-person transmission ( 132 , 155 – 157 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

et al. 2021

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The World Health Organization (WHO) monitors the spread of diseases globally and maintains a list of diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Currently listed diseases include Chikungunya, cholera, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Neisseria meningitis, MERS-CoV, monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS, smallpox, tularemia, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. The associated pathogens are increasingly important on the global stage. The majority of these diseases have neurological manifestations. Those with less frequent neurological manifestations may also have important consequences. This is highlighted now in particular through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and reinforces that pathogens with the potential to spread rapidly and widely, in spite of concerted global efforts, may affect the nervous system. We searched the scientific literature, dating from 1934 to August 2020, to compile data on the cause, epidemiology, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, and treatment of each of the diseases of epidemic or pandemic potential as viewed through a neurologist's lens. We included articles with an abstract or full text in English in this topical and scoping review. Diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential can be spread directly from human to human, animal to human, via mosquitoes or other insects, or via environmental contamination. Manifestations include central neurologic conditions (meningitis, encephalitis, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, seizures), peripheral and cranial nerve syndromes (sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmoplegia), post-infectious syndromes (acute inflammatory polyneuropathy), and congenital syndromes (fetal microcephaly), among others. Some diseases have not been well-characterized from a neurological standpoint, but all have at least scattered case reports of neurological features. Some of the diseases have curative treatments available while in other cases, supportive care remains the only management option. Regardless of the pathogen, prompt, and aggressive measures to control the spread of these agents are the most important factors in lowering the overall morbidity and mortality they can cause.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

et al. 2021

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“…Interestingly, we find that China is the global hotspot of simultaneously high forest fragmentation, livestock density and human settlement. The other major global hotspots outside China are found in Java, Bhutan, east Nepal, northern Bangladesh, the Kerala state of India and North-East India, the latter of which are known for past outbreaks of Nipah virus, another bat-related zoonotic disease (19).…”

Section: China Exhibits a Relatively High Concentration Of Livestockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Use Change and Coronavirus Emergence Risk

D’Odorico

Galli

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) causing coronaviruses are mostly discovered in Asian horseshoe bats. It is still unclear how ongoing land use changes may facilitate SARS-related coronavirus transmission to humans. Here we use a multivariate hotspot analysis of high-resolution land-use data to show that regions of China populated by horseshoe bats are hotspots of forest fragmentation, livestock and human density. We also identify areas susceptible to new hotspot emergence in response to moderate expansion of urbanization, livestock production, or forest disturbance, thereby highlighting regions vulnerable to SARS-CoV spillover under future land-use change. In China population growth and increasing meat consumption associated with urbanization and economic development have expanded the footprint of agriculture, leading to human encroachment in wildlife habitat and increased livestock density in areas adjacent to fragmented forests. The reduced distance between horseshoe-bats and humans elevates the risk for SARS-related coronavirus transmission to humans.Sentence summarizing manuscriptWildlife reservoirs for SARS-coronavirus-2 live in global hotspots of forest fragmentation, livestock, and human density in China

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“…Interestingly, other articles discussing diversity, transmission, and pathogenesis of human and animal infection by bat-borne pathogens, besides coronaviruses, were also published in this Issue. Soman Pillai et al [ 8 ] reviewed several characteristics of recent outbreaks of Nipah virus occurring in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India, discussing the clinical features, virus strains, diagnosis, treatment, and socio and environmental factors that may have contributed to the outbreaks. Those descriptions may increment the current knowledge regarding viral dynamics and may help in surveillance and control measurements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%