Otitis Media

Clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection‐associated acute otitis media

“…Nasopharyngeal culture from children with RSV infection and AOM detected S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in the present study. These results were consistent with those of previous reports 7,13 . Of these pathogens, the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant strains in isolates has recently increased 8,14–17 .…”

“…Regarding the diagnosis of AOM using otoscopy by a pediatrician, pneumatic otoscopy and/or tympanometry might aid in the diagnosis of AOM. The clinical symptoms suggesting AOM are variable, such as fever, irritability, earache, ear tugging and so on 7,9 . We demonstrated that 96% of children with RSV infection and AOM had fever on and/or before admission, while 76% of children with RSV infection who did not have AOM exhibited fever.…”

“…All inpatients underwent otoscopy by a pediatrician, and definite diagnosis was then made by an otolaryngologist. The diagnosis of AOM was based on signs of inflammation (red or yellow color or bulging) of the tympanic membrane, and the presence of middle ear fluid 6,7 …”

“…Usually, because of a preceding viral upper respiratory tract infection, the mucosa in the area becomes hyperemic and swollen, resulting in obstruction and providing an opportunity for bacterial multiplication in the middle ear. The most common bacterial pathogens in AOM of childhood are Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis 7 . Of these pathogens, β‐lactamase‐resistant strains of H. influenzae isolates are increasing in frequency 8 .…”

In Vitro Effects of Acid and Pepsin on Mouse Middle Ear Epithelial Cell Viability and MUC5B Gene Expression

“…TITIS MEDIA (OM) IS THE most commonly diagnosed pediatric illness and indication for antibiotics in children in the United States. 1 It is the most common cause of pediatric hearing loss. There are multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms that may contribute to the development of OM with effusion, such as eustachian tube dysfunction and obstruction, bacterial infection and biofilms, respiratory tract viruses, adenoid disease, allergy, and, most recently, laryngopharyngeal reflux.…”