Otimização do flavonoide tilirosídeo como inibidor da enzima gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase de Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract

Chagas disease affects millions of people worldwide. The available drugs are not safe and show limited efficacy. Many natural products inhibit the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an important Trypanosoma cruzi enzyme. Among them, flavonoids have stood out and one of them, the tiliroside, inhibited the enzyme with IC 50 and K i values of 46 and 25 µM, respectively. Furthermore, unpublished results showed that this compound was effective against the drug-resistant strain of T. cruzi (Y strain) with IC 50 value of 770 µM. In order to select potential inhibitors of TcGAPDH based on the tiliroside structure, computational methods were used combining two different strategies, the ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) and the structure-based virtual screening (SBVS). The compounds predicted to interact effectively with the target and fit into the active site of the enzyme were purchased and tested. Enzyme inhibition studies were performed using isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy from which the constants and mode of inhibition of the compounds were determined. Two of the tested flavonoids, Nequimed 214 and Nequimed 215, showed inhibition activity against TcGAPDH in the same magnitude values as the starting compound, the tiliroside, in spite of their lower molecular weight, thus greatly enhancing the ligand efficiency (LE). These data prompted us to search for some flavonoid bioisosters that were obtained and tested against this enzyme, and two of them proved to be active with high ligand efficiencies. We also purchased compounds belonging to the class of hydantoins, pyrrolidine-2,4-dione, thio-hydantoin and rhodanine. Many of them were active at low micromolar concentration range and exhibited the highest ligand efficiencies ever reported for this enzyme, therefore becoming excellent candidates for molecular optimization. The obtained results suggest that most of inhibitors tested behave as non-competitive inhibitors with respect to the G3P substrate. The most potent inhibitors were tested against human GAPDH and relevant selectivity was not observed.