Osteosynthesis or primary arthrodesis for displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures Sanders type IV – A systematic review

Functional outcomes of primary subtalar arthrodesis in sanders type IV calcaneal fractures, a case series

“…Almeida et al [ 13 ] reviewed the previous clinical trials of the primary subtalar fusion from 2005 to 2020. Four studies [ 8 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] used the AOFAS score and the mean scores ranged from 65.8 to 86.8 points at the last follow up (2 to 5 years).…”

“…The need for second surgery in primary subtalar arthrodesis ranged from 16.6 % to 66.6 %. It was mostly implant removal due to skin irritation by hardware [ 13 ] ( Table 5 ).…”

Endoscopic Screw Removal, Debridement of the Peroneal Tendons and Subtalar Joint and Lateral Calcaneal Ostectomy for Management of Chronic Heel Pain after Calcaneal Fracture

“…Calcaneal fracture is one of the most common foot and ankle fractures, and 75% of them are intra-articular. 1 , 2 Although it is a common fracture, the best treatment of this fracture is still under debate. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 If surgical treatment is considered, the surgeons should aim at anatomic restoration of the calcaneus architecture (height, width, and axis) and to restore the congruency of the subtalar and calcaneocuboid joint surfaces.…”

“… 1 , 2 Although it is a common fracture, the best treatment of this fracture is still under debate. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 If surgical treatment is considered, the surgeons should aim at anatomic restoration of the calcaneus architecture (height, width, and axis) and to restore the congruency of the subtalar and calcaneocuboid joint surfaces. 3 , 5 Screw fixation compared to plating may be more difficult to restore the calcaneal width.…”

“…No matter the treatment strategy of this intra-articular calcaneal fracture, early and late complications frequently occur and include wound complications and soft tissue necrosis, neurovascular injuries, malunion, nonunion, subtalar arthritis, calcaneofibular impingement and subsequent peroneal tendinitis, tibiotalar impingement due to dorsiflexion of the talus resulting in anterior ankle pain, flattening of the medial longitudinal arch, loss of hindfoot height or excessive varus or valgus, shortening and weakness of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex, sural neuritis, and leg length discrepancy. 1 , 2 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 …”