Osteogenesis and bone remodeling: A focus on growth factors and bioactive peptides

Abstract

Bone is one of the most frequently transplanted tissues. The bone structure and its physiological function and stem cells biology were known to be closely related to each other for many years. Bone is considered a home to the well‐known systems of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These bone resident MSCs provide a range of growth factors (GF) and cytokines to support cell growth following injury. These GFs include a group of proteins and peptides produced by different cells which are regulators of important cell functions such as division, migration, and differentiation. GF signaling controls the formation and development of the MSCs condensation and plays a critical role in regulating osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and bone/mineral homeostasis. Thus, a combination of both MSCs and GFs receives high expectations in regenerative medicine, particularly in bone repair applications. It is known that the delivery of exogenous GFs to the non‐union bone fracture site remarkably improves healing results. Here we present updated information on bone tissue engineering with a specific focus on GF characteristics and their application in cellular functions and tissue healing. Moreover, the interrelation of GFs with the damaged bone microenvironment and their mechanistic functions are discussed.

Ceramic Scaffolds in a Vacuum Suction Handle for Intraoperative Stromal Cell Enrichment

“…Toosi et al precisely described in a review a range of growth factors and cytokines provided by bone resident MSCs to support cell growth following injury and demonstrated how GF signaling plays a critical role in regulating osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and bone/mineral homeostasis [57]. It is known that the delivery of exogenous GFs, i.e., BMP-2, to the non-union bone fracture site remarkably improves healing results [58].…”

Dual anisotropicity comprising 3D printed structures and magnetic nanoparticle assemblies: towards the promotion of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation

“…Increasing the efficiency of directional MCS osteogenic differentiation has long been a central issue in bone tissue engineering. Most recent studies have focused on using exogenous biochemical cues, e.g., growth factors, whose use in bone defect repair has aroused clinical safety concerns 2 . Leveraging physical factors in bone tissue engineering scaffolds to induce MCS osteogenic differentiation opens a new door for addressing this issue.…”

“…One of those hurdles is controlling the directional osteogenesis differentiation of stem cells seeded in the scaffold, which is still inadequate. Conventional approaches involve using substantial amounts of osteoinductive growth factors or other chemicals, which lack efficiency for osteogenesis induction and might raise safety concerns in clinical settings 1,2 . Researchers recently found that physical cues in the microenvironment can control stem cell fate 3 and that particular setting can induce the osteogenesis of stem cells 4 .…”

Biochemical Modification of Titanium Oral Implants: Evidence from In Vivo Studies

“…The major growth factors in bone tissue are as follows: Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β), Plasma-Rich Growth Factor (PRGF), acid and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (aFGF, bFGF), and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-I and IGF-II) [ 54 , 55 ]. The most important osteogenic GFs belong to the TGF-β superfamily, of which BMPs represent the most studied category, consisting of almost 18 different proteins [ 56 ].…”