Ossification of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) – Developmental stages revisited

Sæle, Øystein; Haugen, Trine B.; Karlsen, Ørjan; Meeren, Terje van der; Bæverfjord, Grete; Hamre, Kristin; Rønnestad, Ivar; Moren, Mari; Lie, Kai Kristoffer

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.004

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Finally, regarding the caudal fin complex, its formation started with endochondral ossification of hypurals at 4-6 mm of SL, being almost completely ossified at larvae with 12-17 mm of SL, with rays being fully ossified at 17-26 mm of SL. Although there were some clear differences on the timing of the onset of ossification, the skeletal structures of tench followed similar processes of ossification (endochondral and intramembranous) previously described in other fish species [16,17,[28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Tench Skeletogenesis Along Larval Developmentsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…In tench larvae, the first ossified vertebra was identified in larvae ranging 6-12 mm of SL. The Weberian (1-4), the prehemal vertebrae (5-23), caudal (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38), and preural vertebrae (39)(40) suffered a very rapid ossification process, being fully mineralized in larvae with 12-17 mm of SL. Indeed, the last elements to be ossified in the axial skeleton were the ones located at the dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and anal fins, evidencing that an intense swimming activity in early tench specimens for feeding onto live preys might be required.…”

Section: Tench Skeletogenesis Along Larval Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skeletal Development and Deformities in Tench (Tinca tinca): From Basic knowledge to Regular Monitoring Procedure

Fernández

Toledo-Solís

Tomás-Almenar

et al. 2021

Animals

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Skeletal deformities reduce fish viability, growth, wellbeing, and feed efficiency but also degrade the consumer’s perception of aquaculture products. Herein, the skeletal development and the incidence of skeletal deformities in tench (Tinca tinca) reared in semi-extensive conditions has been described in detail for the first time. Larval skeletons were assessed through an acid-free double-staining procedure in 157 individuals, while 274 specimens at the juvenile stage were evaluated through X-ray analysis. The first skeletal structures to be formed were those related with breathing and feeding activities (e.g., Meckel’s cartilage and opercula) and were visible in larvae of 4 mm of standard length (SL). The axial skeleton was fully ossified in larvae of 12–17 mm of SL, and the caudal fin complex in larvae with 17–26 mm of SL. At the larval stage, no upper-jaw or opercula deformities were observed, while a low incidence (1–9%) of other severe deformities in the heads of the fish (e.g., lower-jaw deformities) were reported. The incidence of vertebral deformities in tench reared in natural ponds was considerable in larvae (54%) and juveniles (52%). Vertebral deformities (fusion and compression) were the most common deformities found in tench larvae (approximately 30%) and vertebral shape deformity in juveniles (around 10%), being mainly located in the caudal region. Thus, a regular monitoring of the skeletal deformities in tench might help to identify better rearing protocols and improve product quality sold at markets. Characterizing the skeletal development not only in semi-extensive systems such as artificial and natural ponds but also under intensive rearing conditions, seems vital for a sustainable and profitable European tench aquaculture.

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Section: Tench Skeletogenesis Along Larval Developmentsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Tench Skeletogenesis Along Larval Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal Development and Deformities in Tench (Tinca tinca): From Basic knowledge to Regular Monitoring Procedure

Fernández

Toledo-Solís

Tomás-Almenar

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Whether oil exposure during early life stages in fish has long-term negative effects on bone mineralization remains to be elucidated. However, in a previous study, Atlantic cod given a bad nutritional start displayed an increased incidence of vertebral malformations later that were not observed at earlier time points during mineralization of the vertebra (Saele et al, 2017), similar to this study. Other studies have also shown a lack of compensatory growth in cod given a nutritionally insufficient diet (Øie et al, 2015).…”

Section: Bone Developmentsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…As expected, the craniofacial abnormalities were most pronounced in the high group with reduced upper jaw length, reduced jaw width, compressed craniofacial features, increased incidence of neural arch abnormalities, and lack of premaxilla in 19 dph larvae. We have previously established SL, as opposed to dph, as the most important factor determining the development and sequence of skeletal ossification (Saele et al, 2017). Thus, normalization according to SL, as applied in this study, takes into account different developmental stages at the time of measurement.…”

Section: Bone Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny-Specific Skeletal Deformities in Atlantic Haddock Caused by Larval Oil Exposure

et al. 2021

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Bone deformities are one of the main effects of crude oil exposure in marine fish larvae. Craniofacial and jaw deformities, if severe enough, may restrict feeding and ultimately kill the developing larvae. This study aimed to examine the impact of dispersed crude oil on bone development in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae, a fish species spawning in areas approached for oil and gas exploration in the North Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic haddock larvae were exposed to low (60 μg oil/L), high (600 μg oil/L), or pulsed (0–600, average 60 μg oil/L over time) dispersed crude oil from 0 to 18 days post hatch (dph). Endpoints included survival and growth, bone integrity, and transcriptional parameters, which were assessed during (0–18 dph) and after exposure until the fish reached 8 months of age (243 dph). The results showed that the larvae in the high treatment group had reduction in growth at 2–19, 44, 134, and 243 dph. Craniofacial abnormalities were most severe at 8 and 19 dph. These deformities were not present at 44 dph, possibly because the larvae with deformed jaws failed to feed properly and died. Higher prevalence of spinal deformities was observed in haddocks that survived for 243 dph. Three genes encoding proteins critical for osteoblast function, sp7, postn, and col10a1, were downregulated in the high treatment group larvae. We discuss possible mechanisms of action in the developing larvae after oil exposure. In conclusion, this study shows that larval exposure to oil can potentially have long-term effects on growth and bone integrity in Atlantic haddock.

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“…Comprehensive knowledge on the osteological ontogeny of fish not only improves our understanding of the functional development and environmental preferences of fish during the early developmental stages, but it is also critical in the early detection of the time and location at which malformed skeletal development occurs under culture conditions (Koumoundouros, Divanach, & Kentouri, ; Tong et al., ). Taking advantage of this, many studies have documented the ontogeny of the skeleton in a wide range of fish species, including Leuresthes tenuis (Valdes, Vasquez, & Yeomans, ), sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Sfakianakis et al., ), large yellow croake Larimichthys crocea (Wang, Ni, Lin, & Wang, ), Caspian roach, rutilus caspicus (Hasanpour, Eagderi, Amiri, & Moradi, ) and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (Sæle et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal development and abnormalities of the vertebral column and fins in larval stage of hatchery-reared American shad,Alosa sapidissima

et al. 2018

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The present study describes the skeletal development and the occurrence of deformities in American shad, Alosa sapidissima, larvae from hatching to 45 days after hatching (DAH). The ontogeny of the vertebral column started at 16 DAH (days after hatching), with the formation of the posterior neural and haemal arches, and was complete at 28 DAH. In comparison, the vertebral centra started to form at 16 DAH, with ossification being visible in all centra at 38 DAH. The pectorals were the only fins that formed before the onset of feeding (at 2 DAH), with ossification being complete at 45 DAH. The caudal fin formed at 5 DAH, with ossification being complete at 40 DAH. Dorsal and pelvic fin development began at 6 DAH and 20 DAH respectively. The ossification of both the dorsal and pelvic fins was visible at 45 DAH. The anal fin began forming at 14 DAH, and was complete at 30 DAH. The ossification of the anal fin was complete at 45 DAH. Overall, 22 types of skeletal deformities were detected in about 41% of individuals. Most anomalies were detected in the haemal region, while the fewest anomalies were detected in the anal fin. In addition, the frequency of deformities gradually increased with fish age at the different developmental stages. Our results are expected to contribute baseline information on how rearing conditions impact skeletal development, in addition to identifying potential causative factors of skeletal deformities.

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Ossification of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) – Developmental stages revisited

Cited by 6 publications

References 50 publications

Skeletal Development and Deformities in Tench (Tinca tinca): From Basic knowledge to Regular Monitoring Procedure

Skeletal Development and Deformities in Tench (Tinca tinca): From Basic knowledge to Regular Monitoring Procedure

Ontogeny-Specific Skeletal Deformities in Atlantic Haddock Caused by Larval Oil Exposure

Skeletal development and abnormalities of the vertebral column and fins in larval stage of hatchery-reared American shad,Alosa sapidissima

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