Osmotic urine fuel cell to recover water, energy, and nutrients along with salinity reduction

Improved defluoridation and energy production using dimethyl sulfoxide modified carbon cloth as bioanode in microbial desalination cell

“…Improving the membrane properties with antifoulant coatings or materials will help in boosting up the MDC performance. In addition, concentration polarization due to the back diffusion of ions from the electrolytes (anolyte and catholyte) to the middle chamber can further reduce its performance [ 66 ]. A continuous recirculation of electrolytes will reduce the adverse effects of concentration polarization.…”