Osmotic Regulation in Terrestrial Animals

Potts, W. T. W.; Parry, Gwyneth

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-013598-4.50011-0

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…According to the current understanding of the relationships between osmoregulation and energy metabolism (e.g. Florkin, 1960;Potts and Parry, 1964;Kinne, 1971), this response suggests a very low or lacking osmoregulatory capacity in early shore crab larvae, at least in those from a North Sea population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of reduced salinities on development and bioenergetics of early larval shore crab, Carcinus maenas

Anger

Spivak

Luppi

1998

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of reduced salinities on development and bioenergetics of early larval shore crab, Carcinus maenas

Anger

Spivak

Luppi

1998

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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“…Use of the instrument is well described by Frick & Sauer (1973). Basically, the technique depends on the principle that a 1-molal (1 g-mol solute/kg solvent) solution of an ideal non-electrolyte in water has a freezing point depression (A) of 1.858 ~ Then the osmolal concentration of a solution, whose A = 1,858 ~ is 1 osmole/kg (Osm/kg) or 1000 milliosmoles/kg (mOsm/kg)* (Potts & Parry, 1964). * Henceforth the term mOsm will be used, it being understood that osmolality is measured as mOsm/kg.…”

Section: Osmotic Properties Of Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmotic responses of eggs and larvae of the Pacific herring to salinity and cadmium

Alderdice

Rao

Rosenthal

1979

Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters

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. Yolk osmolalities decreased, after hatching of the larvae, to approximate those levels attained between 100 and 250 hr. An hypothesis is presented whereby minimum osmotic work is defined on the basis of isosmotic relations existing between yolk, perivitelline fluid, and incubation medium. This leads to the description of a range of salinities defined in terms of osmoregulatory scope. At the 5 ~ test temperature, incubation salinities associated with maximum osmoregulatory scope (13.2-19 %o) correspond closely to the range of salinities providing maximum or near-maximum hatches of viable larvae. The presence of a salinity-temperature interaction and its influence on the association between osmoregulatory scope and production of viable larvae is suggested as a mechanism underlying and providing the recognized plasticity of Pacific herring egg development. In a companion study involving cadmium as a contaminant, eggs !ncubated at 20 %~ S were exposed to 0, 1 or 10 ppm Cd in 5, 20 or 35 0/00 S for 48-hr periods at six stages of development between fertilization and hatching. Cd exposure resulted in a reduction in osmolality of perivitelline fluid. Reduction was greater in higher Cd concentrations and in eggs transferred to higher salinities. An hypothesis is presented to explain observed effects of Cd exposure on some physical properties of teleost eggs, including reductions in perivitelline fluid osmolality and egg volume. Finally, newly hatched (0-, 3-, 6-and 9-day old) larvae from eggs incubated at 20 %~ S (8.5 ~ were exposed to salinities from 0 to 50 %o for a period of 72 hr. Median tolerance limits (72-hr) were 2.8-5.2 %o for low salinities and 33-35.8 ~174 for high salinities. No trends in salinity tolerance were noted amongst the four ages of larvae. The data suggest that natural larvae entrained in sea water would be susceptible to salinity-induced mortality in salinities greater than about 20 %o. However, this conclusion is subject to confirmation in view of the low/low-high/high salinity-temperature interaction previously noted in relation to egg development, and its possible continuing influence in larval stages.

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“…This implies that post-gastrula embryos actively hyper-osmoregulate with the effluxes of water and sodium balanced by equal influx rates. Although isotopically measured water fluxes primarily represent diffusive exchange (Potts and Parry, 1964;Rasmussen and Andersen, 1996) under the anisosmotic conditions observed here, net uptake of water by osmosis (and excretion by another route) would have taken place continuously. Additionally, at least one primary active transport step is required to drive the steady state flux of sodium through the embryo.…”

Section: Water and Sodium Contentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of osmoregulation in embryos of intertidal crabs(Hemigrapsus sexdentatusandH. crenulatus, Grapsidae,Brachyura): putative involvement of the embryonic dorsal organ

Seneviratna

Taylor

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY This study examined whether the existence of hyperosmotic internal fluids in embryos of euryhaline crabs (Hemigrapsus sexdentatus and H. crenulatus) in dilute seawater reflects osmotic isolation due to impermeability of the egg envelope, as proposed for other decapods, or active osmoregulation. When ovigerous crabs with eggs at gastrula stage were transferred from 100% seawater (osmolality 1000 mmol kg–1) to 50% seawater, embryogenesis and hatching of zoea were completed normally, but were delayed. Hatching failed if the transfer to 50% seawater occurred before gastrulation, and embryogenesis was abnormal in 25% seawater. In 100%seawater, embryos at all stages were internally hyperosmotic by 150–250 mmol kg–1. On transfer to 50% seawater, osmolality initially decreased but remained 200–350 mmol kg–1 hyperosmotic to the medium for several weeks until hatching. High efflux rates of tritium-labelled water (t1/2 16–75 min)and 22Na (t1/2 109–374 min) from H. crenulatus embryos were inconsistent with the osmotic isolation hypothesis. It is concluded that post-gastrula embryos were actively hyper-osmoregulating. The diffusional water permeability of the embryos decreased during development while the sodium efflux rate increased 10-fold. Very rapidly exchanging pools of water and sodium (t1/2 a few seconds to minutes) probably corresponded to peri-embryonic fluid and implied that the egg envelope was a negligible barrier to diffusion of water and salts. Higher Na+/K+-ATPase activities in late embryos of H. crenulatus incubated in 50% seawater than in embryos incubated in full strength seawater were consistent with an acclimation response. An area of the embryonic surface located over the yolk in the region of the embryonic dorsal organ stained with AgNO3. Staining appeared at gastrulation, persisted throughout development and was lost at hatching. Deposits of AgCl between the outer and inner membranes, identified by X-ray microanalysis, suggest that the dorsal organ was a site of chloride extrusion. A model for osmoregulation in post-gastrula embryos is proposed: osmotic uptake of water is balanced by excretion of water and salts via the dorsal organ and salt loss is balanced by active uptake over the general embryonic ectoderm.

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Osmotic Regulation in Terrestrial Animals

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of reduced salinities on development and bioenergetics of early larval shore crab, Carcinus maenas

Effects of reduced salinities on development and bioenergetics of early larval shore crab, Carcinus maenas

Osmotic responses of eggs and larvae of the Pacific herring to salinity and cadmium

Ontogeny of osmoregulation in embryos of intertidal crabs(Hemigrapsus sexdentatusandH. crenulatus, Grapsidae,Brachyura): putative involvement of the embryonic dorsal organ

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