Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cell for Groundwater Softening, Defluoridation, Salinity Reduction, and Energy Production

Improved defluoridation and energy production using dimethyl sulfoxide modified carbon cloth as bioanode in microbial desalination cell

“…The Geographical Survey of India has branded several areas under the “fluoride red alert” category, for instance, a concentration as high as 21 ppm was reported in Andhra Pradesh, India [ 4 ]. In recent years, more incidences of dental caries, twisted limbs, and yellow teeth have been reported among people of all ages in India [ 5 ]. As fluorosis is a prevalent disease, defluoridation of drinking water is highly essential for arresting the endemic effects on human health and physiology.…”