Os pangermanistas na África: inclusão e exclusão dos nativos nos planos expansionistas do império, 1896-1914

Abstract

ResumoEntre os diversos paradigmas de desigualdade e de exclusão encontra-se o racismo, uma das formas mais insidiosas de discriminação. Para compreendê-lo, muitos se dedicam ao estudo das ideias, adotando frequentemente uma linha evolutiva que vai desde o racialismo até a biologia aplicada. Este artigo assume outra direção. Concentra-se no estudo das experiências vividas entre colonizadores e colonizados -bem como seus outros -com o objetivo de compreender os sentimentos entretecidos no momento mesmo desse confronto. Nesta pesquisa, valendo-me especificamente da atuação dos pangermanistas na África, em especial, no território da Namí-bia, outrora conhecido como África Alemã do Sudoeste (SWA), pretendo estabelecer conexões entre o ódio racial e os movimentos imperialistas que defenderam a exclusão dos nativos de seus pró-prios territórios. Palavras-chave: racismo; Namíbia; genocídio. AbstractOne of the many paradigms of inequality and exclusion is racism, one of the most insidious forms of discrimination. To understand it, many authors focus on the study of the ideas, and frequently adopt an evolutionary perspective that runs from racialism to applied biology. This article takes a different direction. It concentrates on the study of the experiences lived by the colonial agents and the colonized peoples -as well as by the settlers -aiming to understand the feelings interwoven in the very moment of this confrontation. Drawing specifically on the activity of the Pan-Germanists in Africa, particularly in the territory of Namibia, formerly known as German South-West Africa, I intend to establish connections between racial hatred and imperialistic movements that advocated the exclusion of the native peoples from their own territories. Keywords: racism; Namibia; genocide. Judicially and politically accepted territorial boundaries, language, religion, and customs are alterities which do not necessarily separate people. Often they differentiate them and sometimes these differences are demanded to demarcate a specific history, whether it is on a small or large scale. Simultaneously, they are used to demarcate the space of negotiation between one and the other, whether economic, political, or symbolic.But this only applies in cities whose inhabitants assume a cosmopolitan identity. And even there, feelings of belonging, the search for particular identities, and the refusal of others did not cease to be affirmed, which evokes the notion of nationalism, a construction which since the end of the eighteenth century chose, in almost all parts of the world, various foundational myths, also creating paradigms of inequality and exclusion. Even within nation-states in which nationalism and imperialism were strongly connected, it was suggested that a group, especially with non-dark or fairer skin, should exercise dominion, irrespective of where they resided.The members of movements with strong popular appeal, incidentally the actual inventors of the 'popular' -translated by a so-called 'national' literature, a myth of origin, the sa...