Os dados quantitativos e os imponderáveis da vida social

Abstract

Sem resumo.

Citizenship regimes in Brazilian prisons: Hybrid, unjust and weak

“…By definition, prisons embody what Marcelo Neves (1994) has called "subcitizenship", if only to the extent that some basic freedoms are denied, by law, to inmates. As in Brazilian society more broadly, however -and as in Dante's inferno -prison sub-citizenship involves multiple circles, and few inmates inhabit its more amenable parts.…”

“…In sum, state and non-state actors, on their own or "entangled", and as agents of a political community or not, only enforce claims over things and freedoms to varying degrees. While Brazil has been repeatedly shown to be a land of unequal, partial, and differentiated citizenship (Neves, 1994;Souza, 2004;Caldeira, 2001;Holston, 2008) we will now see how its prison system produces and houses extreme version of such sub-and super-citizenships (Souza, 2004), with widely varying scope and practical validity.…”

“…Her discussion paints a vivid picture of the dreadful implications of statelessness, one that is at least as relevant today as it was in what she called "the age of totalitarianism" (Arendt, 1958). However, the commonplace violation of the rights of their citizens by states themselves shows that formal citizenship, which is tied to "nationality", is not a sufficient condition for access to any right (Neves, 1994;Souza, 2003;Holston, 2008). Conversely, the fact that a number of rights are enforced by nonstate actors -for instance customary land rights or claims over political rights based on "ethnic citizenship" (Mamdani, 1992;Jackson 2006;) -shows that citizenship as nationality, as conferred by a particular government, is not a necessary condition for the enjoyment of rights.…”

“…First, to the extent that inmates, while denied full freedom, can nonetheless have certain rights, citizenship should be understood as a more or less extensive "bundle of rights", to be therefore assessed along a continuum, not as something that one enjoys or not, but instead as something that one can enjoy to a given extent. Second, focusing primarily on inmates' rights, and only then asking about the agents that enforce them, frees us from tying citizenship to nationality -as Arendt does -and therefore to the state, a particularly useful move in the country we examine, where the state primarily appears as an agent of rights violation (Neves, 1994;Coelho, 2005;Souza, 2004;Holston, 2008). Doing so also acknowledges that inmates often rely on other agents, including criminal organizations or one another (Biondi, 2010;Darke, 2013), on their own, or along with the state (Jaffe, 2013), to protect at least some of their rights and, therefore, to claim a modicum of citizenship.…”

A sociedade mundial desde a periferia: a sociologia da exclusão de Marcelo Neves

“…Ainda na formulação inicial do seu trabalho, Marcelo Neves parte de uma adaptação do conceito de centro e periferia, tal qual proposto pela teoria da dependência -mas o faz afastando-se expressamente dos pressupostos metodológicos dessa teoria, fundados no materialismo histórico e na teoria de classes, assim como em uma teoria da ação. Ao contrário do que é sugerido pela teoria da dependência, Neves não vê a distinção entre centro e periferia como resultante de um processo de "exploração" econômica ou projeto de imperialismo geopolítico (Cardoso;Faletto, 1979;Neves, 1994cNeves, , 1994a. Para ele, a distinção entre centro e periferia seria mais bem explicada como o resultado de um processo de evolução social da sociedade mundial fundado na emergência da diferenciação funcional a partir da expansão colonial europeia.…”