“…The present study advances previous L2 Mandarin speech production research in two ways. First, we acknowledge that evidence is dependent upon a list of learner and experimental conditions, including learners' individual aptitude, language background, experimental paradigms, training and testing materials, instructional techniques, use of feedback, and learning contexts, among other variables (e.g., Chang & Bowles, 2015;Faretta-Stutenberg & Morgan-Short, 2018;Hao & de Jong, 2016;Ke, 1998;Kingston, 2003;Kissling, 2013;Mok et al, 2018;Piske, MacKay, & Flege, 2001;Wiener, 2020). For example, Perrachione et al (2011) demonstrated that for L1 English speakers learning to categorize L2 Mandarin tones, HVPT (i.e., speech from four talkers) facilitated tone learning but only for those participants with strong pitch perception abilities.…”