Origins of serum alkaline phosphatase

Yong, Jian

doi:10.1136/jcp.20.4.647

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Specifically, the presence of detectable amounts of bone alkaline phosphatase in normal serum has been in question. Yong (1967) found a liver alkaline phosphatase zone present in all sera from a series of 50 normals, and an intestinal band in a lesser number of these people. Our findings support these results but, in addi- Electrophoretic separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases tion, a zone of bone alkaline phosphatase activity was seen in all sera from our normal adult series (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Electrophoretic separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases

Canapa-Anson¹,

Rowe²

1970

J Clin Pathol

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SYNOPSIS Previous electrophoretic methods for the separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases have either been unable to separate the liver and bone enzymes or have been too involved for routine clinical use. A relatively simple electrophoretic method is described which separates placental, liver, bone, and intestinal alkaline phosphatases in serum. The clinical applications of such a method appear to be mainly in the differential diagnosis of liver and bone disease, especially in complicated hypercalcaemic states where tumour metastases can affect both bone and liver, in children, and possibly in cirrhosis of the liver.No differences in electrophoretic mobility could be seen between zymograms of different diseases affecting the same organ. Patients presenting with hepatic cirrhosis all showed a marked serum intestinal alkaline phosphatase zone as well as a liver zone on electrophoresis. An intestinal zone was not present with other types of hepatobiliary disease.The heterogeneity of total serum alkaline phosphatase activity in normal subjects is demonstrated, alkaline phosphatases of liver and bone, and sometimes of intestine being present in normal serum.Results obtained in women in the last trimester of pregnancy and in old people are also discussed.Alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum is derived from liver, bone, intestine, or placenta. In hepatobilary and osteoblastic bone disease the increase in total serum alkaline phosphatase activity is due to the release of tissue-specific liver and bone alkaline phosphatase into the serum. In a clinical context the significance of a raised serum enzyme level is usually obvious, but the potential value of identifying the tissue or tissues responsible for the rise, and of establishing their respective contribution to the total increase, has long been recognized. A method for doing this and our experience with the method in routine clinical practice is described in the present paper.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Electrophoretic separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases

Canapa-Anson¹,

Rowe²

1970

J Clin Pathol

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“…In the kidneys, the enzymes ALP, LAP, and γGTP are localized at the brush border membrane (BBM) of the proximal tubules (Koseki et al, 1980) and LDH are widely localized through the renal tubules (Endo, 1978). Although these enzymes are also expressed in other organs, including the liver, and can also be detected in the blood (Yong, 1967;Kowlessar et al, 1960;Naftalin et al, 1969), they do not appear in the urine because their molecular weights are too large to allow their filtration through the glomeruli. Therefore, the ALP, LAP, and γGTP detected in the urine originate from the kidneys, especially the proximal tubules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the excretion levels of traditional and novel urinary biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in rats

et al. 2017

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-Urinary biomarkers have been used widely in preclinical toxicity studies to detect dysfunctions and injuries of the kidney caused by drugs under development. While they have been well studied for evaluating nephrotoxicity, knowledge of sex differences in excretion levels of urinary biomarkers remains inadequate. We conducted experiments focused on effects of endogenous sex hormones on urinary biomarkers using intact and castrated male and female rats. Comparisons of the urinary biomarker excretion levels between intact male and female rats at 5, 7, 9 and 12 weeks of age revealed higher excretion levels of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGTP), total protein, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), cystatin C (Cys-C) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and lower excretion level of kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1), in male rats as compared to female rats. Orchidectomized male rats showed lower urinary excretion levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), LAP, γGTP, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), glucose, total protein, L-FABP, Cys-C, β2-MG and neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL), and higher urinary excretion levels of clusterin (CLU) and Kim-1, than sham-operated male rats. On the other hand, no significant differences in the urinary biomarker excretion levels excluding ALP were observed between ovariectomized and sham-operated female rats. In the present study, we demonstrated the existence of sex differences in excretion levels of urinary biomarkers that are universally used in preclinical toxicity studies, and also that these differences, especially in relation to the urinary excretions of ALP, LAP, γGTP, total protein, L-FABP, Cys-C, and β2-MG, may closely relate to the endogenous testosterone.

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“…In animals of group A, there was no significant change in the AP activity during the entire period of study, however, during the later stages there was a decreasing trend. This trend could be related to the growth, as in young growing animals AP activity is reported to be relatively higher than in adults (Young 1967). Whereas in groups B and C significant reduction in AP activity was observed on 30 th and 60 th days after the discontinuation of Ca-vit.D3 supplementation and initiation of treatment.…”

Section: Biochemical Observationsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Effects of Nandrolone and TGF-β1 in growing rabbits with osteopenia induced by over-supplementation of calcium and vitamin D3

et al. 2008

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The study was undertaken to find out the effects of over supplementation of dietary calcium and vitamin D3 on the mineralization of growing skeleton, taking rabbit as an animal model; further to study the effects of Nandrolone deconoate and TGF-beta1 on the mineralization of osteopenic bones. Twenty four New Zealand White rabbits of either sex, 60 day old, were randomly divided in 4 equal groups, A, B, C and D. The animals of groups B, C and D were administered with oral supplementation of calcium (2000 mg/kg of standard rabbit feed) and vit-D3 (1000 IU/kg of standard feed) for 60 days. The animals of group A were given standard ration without any supplementation. After 60 days, the Ca-vit.D3 supplementation was discontinued; and the animals of group C were administered with TGF-beta1 (10 ng, i.m.) once in every three days and animals of group D were given Nandrolone deconoate (10 mg, i.m.) once every week for 30 days, whereas in animals of group B, no treatment was given. All the animals were evaluated based on different observations like body weight, radiographic observations, circulating biochemical and hormone profile (plasma Ca, IP, AP, OC and iPTH) every 15 days up to 60 days after initiation of treatment. The results indicated that the body weight of rabbits in different groups increased gradually and steadily at different intervals till the end of observation period, however, the increase was non-significantly more in group D. The CI in group A increased gradually at different intervals; whereas in groups B, C and D, there was no appreciable increase in the CI during the period of Ca-vit.D3 supplementation, suggesting development of osteopenia. Treatment with TGF-beta1 did not increase the CI significantly, whereas Nandrolone treatment resulted in significant increase in the CI on days 45 and 60. The plasma Ca levels showed slight but gradual increase from day 0 to 60 in almost all groups. Subsequently also, there was no marked change at different intervals in groups A and B; however, significant reduction in plasma Ca was noticed in group C on 15(th) day and in group D on 60(th) day after initiation of treatment. Plasma IP levels in groups B and C showed a decreasing trend up to day 60. After discontinuation of Ca-vit.D3 supplementation, in group B, it further decreased to remain significantly lower on 15(th) day, and in groups C and D, it increased significantly on 60(th) post-treatment day. There was no significant change in the AP activity during the entire period of study in group A; whereas significant reduction in AP activity was measured on 30(th) and 60(th) days of treatment in groups B and C, and on 15(th) day of treatment in group D. Plasma iPTH values did not show any significant change at any interval during the first 60 days in all groups. On 30(th) and 60(th) days of treatment, the mean iPTH level remained significantly lesser in group B. In all groups treated with over supplementation of Ca and vit.D3, there was a non-significant increase in the plasma OC levels up to day 60; however, ther...

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Origins of serum alkaline phosphatase

Cited by 39 publications

References 46 publications

Electrophoretic separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases

Electrophoretic separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases

Sex differences in the excretion levels of traditional and novel urinary biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in rats

Effects of Nandrolone and TGF-β1 in growing rabbits with osteopenia induced by over-supplementation of calcium and vitamin D3

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