Electrophoretic separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases

Abstract

SYNOPSIS Previous electrophoretic methods for the separation of tissue-specific serum alkaline phosphatases have either been unable to separate the liver and bone enzymes or have been too involved for routine clinical use. A relatively simple electrophoretic method is described which separates placental, liver, bone, and intestinal alkaline phosphatases in serum. The clinical applications of such a method appear to be mainly in the differential diagnosis of liver and bone disease, especially in complicated hypercalcaemic states where tumour metastases can affect both bone and liver, in children, and possibly in cirrhosis of the liver.No differences in electrophoretic mobility could be seen between zymograms of different diseases affecting the same organ. Patients presenting with hepatic cirrhosis all showed a marked serum intestinal alkaline phosphatase zone as well as a liver zone on electrophoresis. An intestinal zone was not present with other types of hepatobiliary disease.The heterogeneity of total serum alkaline phosphatase activity in normal subjects is demonstrated, alkaline phosphatases of liver and bone, and sometimes of intestine being present in normal serum.Results obtained in women in the last trimester of pregnancy and in old people are also discussed.Alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum is derived from liver, bone, intestine, or placenta. In hepatobilary and osteoblastic bone disease the increase in total serum alkaline phosphatase activity is due to the release of tissue-specific liver and bone alkaline phosphatase into the serum. In a clinical context the significance of a raised serum enzyme level is usually obvious, but the potential value of identifying the tissue or tissues responsible for the rise, and of establishing their respective contribution to the total increase, has long been recognized. A method for doing this and our experience with the method in routine clinical practice is described in the present paper.

Disturbance of Calcium Metabolism by Anticonvulsant Drugs

“…Serum calcium levels were corrected to a specific gravity of 1027 (Dent, 1962). Serum alkaline phosphatase and electrophoretic separation of its isoenzymes were estimated as described by Canapa-Anson and Rowe (1970) …”

“…Serum calcium levels were corrected to a specific gravity of 1027 (Dent, 1962). Serum alkaline phosphatase and electrophoretic separation of its isoenzymes were estimated as described by Canapa-Anson and Rowe (1970), the proportions of liver, bone, and small-intestinal isoenzymes being estimated visually and expressed as a percentage by one of us (D.J.F.R.) who had no knowledge of the patients' treatment.…”

Serum 5′ Nucleotidase and Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Diagnosis, with Special Reference to Haemochromatosis

“…In the other patients with miscellaneous diseases the isoneyzme pattern conformed to the known normal patterns (Canapa-Anson and Rowe, 1970).…”

“…Various media such as starch gel (Boyer, 1961;Hodson, Latner, and Raine, 1962), agar gel (Haije and De Jong, 1963) and more successful1y polyacrylamide gel (Canapa-Anson and Rowe, 1970) have been used for the demonstration of the isoenzyme distribution of serum alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) (ALP).…”

Plasma alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in hepatobiliary disease

“…We have therefore investigated the iso- (Smith, Lightstone, and Perry, 1968;Canapa-Anson and Rowe, 1970) and the cellulose acetate strip (Fritsche and Adams-Park, 1972) methods of separating isoenzymes.…”