“…ID models purposely conceptualize a metaphor and simplify the reality of teaching and learning in a systematic process. The ID process model embeds the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) to describe a systematic procedure, such as the Instructional Systems Design (ISD) model (Molenda, 2010) and Dick and Carey's Systematic Design of Instruction (SDI) model (1985, 2004). However, the ADDIE process has been criticized as too linear, inflexible, and rigid for the quick changes required in an online environment (Bates, 2014; Gordon & Zemke, 2000; Royal, 2007).…”