Original XPCTM Effect on Salmonella Typhimurium and Cecal Microbiota from Three Different Ages of Broiler Chickens When Incubated in an Anaerobic In Vitro Culture System

Abstract

Feed supplements are utilized in the poultry industry as a means for improving growth performance and reducing pathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Diamond V Original XPCTM (XPC, a fermented product generated from yeast cultures) on Salmonella Typhimurium ST 97 along with its potential for modulation of the cecal microbiota by using an anaerobic in vitro mixed culture assay. Cecal slurries obtained from three broiler chickens at each of three sampling ages (14, 28, and 42 days) were generated and exposed to a 24 h pre-incubation period with the various treatments: XPC (1% XPC, ceca, and feeds), CO (ceca only), and NC (negative control) group consisting of ceca and feeds. The XPC, CO, and NC were each challenged with S. Typhimurium and subsequently plated on selective media at 0, 24, and 48 h. Plating results indicated that the XPC treatment significantly reduced the survival of S. Typhimurium at the 24 h plating time point for both the 28 and 42 days bird sampling ages, while S. Typhimurium reduction in the NC appeared to eventually reach the same population survival level at the 48 h plating time point. For microbiome analysis, Trial 1 revealed that XPC, CO, and NC groups exhibited a similar pattern of taxa summary. However, more Bacteroidetes were observed in the CO group at 24 and 48 h. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in alpha diversity among samples based on day, hour and treatment. For beta diversity analysis, a pattern shift was observed when samples clustered according to sampling hour. In Trial 2, both XPC and NC groups exhibited the highest Firmicutes level at 0 h but the Bacteroidetes group became dominant at 6 h. Complexity of alpha diversity was increased in the initial contents from older birds and became less complex after 6 h of incubation. Beta diversity analysis was clustered as a function of treatment NC and XPC groups and by individual hours including 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Overall, addition of XPC influenced microbiome diversity in a similar fashion to the profile of the NC group.

The Preliminary Development of an in vitro Poultry Cecal Culture Model to Evaluate the Effects of Original XPCTM for the Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni and Its Potential Effects on the Microbiota

“…This study was an in vitro approach for evaluating whether XPC could modulate the microbiome and if those effects could reduce C. jejuni independent of the immune system. Results suggest that XPC-mediated reductions of Campylobacter are cecal dependent, which is likely driven by changes in GIT microbial ecology, which is consistent with previously published reports for Salmonella (Rubinelli et al, 2016;Park et al, 2017). When the experiment was repeated and extended through 48 h, there was no increase in C. jejuni load and the effect of XPC was sustained as compared to the CON group.…”

Ability of Arkansas LaKast and LaKast Hybrid Rice Bran to Reduce Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Cecal Incubations and Effects on Cecal Microbiota

“…The ceca are the main site of Salmonella colonization and it contains a wide range of anaerobic bacteria ( Salanitro et al, 1974 ; Hudault et al, 1985 ; Fan et al, 1995 ; Ricke and Pillai, 1999 ). However, when we collected cecal contents from different ages of broilers and employed an anaerobic mixed culture system to evaluate prebiotic-like effects of a commercial prebiotic, we observed differences in responses related to age of the bird ( Rubinelli et al, 2016 ; Park et al, 2017 ). The previous experimental approach provides insight on cecal microbial development as a function of bird age ( Park et al, 2017 ) thus the same incremental ages of birds were also employed in this study as sources of inocula.…”

The anti-Salmonella and immunostimulatory properties of yeast-based postbiotics in poultry and cattle

“…Interestingly, there may be serovar-specific metabolite preferences that dictate the emergence or disappearance of a particular serovar (Hayward et al, 2015;Rubinelli et al, 2016;Stecher et al, 2012;Steeb et al, 2013). XPC affects changes to the microbiome and alter the metabolites available to Salmonella (Park et al, 2017;Roto et al, 2015;Rubinelli et al, 2016). Therefore, in order to explore this phenomenon further, metabolomics studies targeting the interaction between the microbiome and various Salmonella serovars (e.g.…”

“…The specific chemical composition of XPC is not available but it is known is that XPC is comprised of dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentates containing over 300 distinct compounds (Jensen et al, 2008;Jensen et al, 2007;Jensen et al, 2011;Possemiers et al, 2013). When XPC is used as feed additive, it apparently generates changes in the microbiome that impact Salmonella biology and the host immune system (Park et al, 2017;Roto et al, 2015;Rubinelli et al, 2016).…”

“…A growing body of evidence suggests that the anti-Salmonella effects of XPC are a result of changes to the microbiome (Park et al, 2017;Roto et al, 2015;Rubinelli et al, 2016). This microbiome shift enhances the production of butyrate which is an established transcriptional down-regulator of hilA, the master regulator of mammalian cell invasion for Salmonella (Bajaj et al, 1995;Durant et al, 2000).…”