Origin of Mineralization of Groundwater in the Tongo Bassa Watershed  (Douala-Cameroon)

Boum-Nkot, S. Ngo; Ketchemen-Tandia, B.; Ndje, Y.; Emvouttou, H.; Ebonji, C.R.; Huneau, Frédéric

doi:10.19026/rjees.7.5267

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Moreover, the simulated velocity in the main channel indicates a potential sediment transport and deposition that could gradually obstruct the hydraulic structures. Moreover, the simulated velocity confirms the [72] statement concerning that the rivers in the Tongo Bassa watershed would be in an erosive phase in the upstream part and in an accreting phase downstream.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The present study of a flood event in the Makèpè Missokè neighborhood complements previous analyses [19,25], where the floodplain delineation criteria were based on hydrogeomorphological and historical analyses, without detailed hydrological flow modeling. In addition to the delineation of the extent of the flooded area based on hydrological The number of people affected can be estimated by taking into consideration either the population density estimated from 25 to 380 inhabitants [72], or the average household size estimated at 5.6 inhabitants [34] in the study area. Based on these two assertions, the number of affected persons ranges between 2050 and 31,160 when comparing the population density and 12,376 when taking into account the household size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This basin of 42 km 2 located between longitude 9 • 46 N and latitude 4 • 4 N is the largest in the city and covers nearly 27 districts. The population density ranges from 25 to more than 380 inhabitants per hectare with an average household size between 5 and 6 people [34,72]. The altitudes in the catchment are less than 60 m above sea level and the average slope is about 6%.…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The altitudes in the catchment are less than 60 m above sea level and the average slope is about 6%. The drainage network in the Tongo Bassa watershed is dendritic with a drainage density of about 2 km/km 2 [72]. Four main rivers drain this catchment, named Ngongue, Tongo-Bassa, Kondi, and Moussadi (Figure 1C).…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of people affected can be estimated by taking into consideration either the population density estimated from 25 to 380 inhabitants [72], or the average household size estimated at 5.6 inhabitants [34] in the study area. Based on these two assertions, the number of affected persons ranges between 2050 and 31,160 when comparing the population density and 12,376 when taking into account the household size.…”

Section: Flood Hazard Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 21st August 2020 Flood in Douala (Cameroon): A Major Urban Flood Investigated with 2D HEC-RAS Modeling

Iroume

Onguéné

Koffi

et al. 2022

Water

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A major flood event occurred on 21 August 2020 in the densely populated Makèpè Missokè neighborhood in the city of Douala (Cameroon, Africa). Nearly 2210 buildings and 12,376 victims spread over 82 hectares were affected. A 2D HEC-RAS model is applied to simulate and characterize this event. A cross analysis of flood depth and flow velocity is used to classify the flood risk and identify areas exposed from low to high hazard. The simulations provide detailed information on the flood characteristics (extent, depth, velocity, arrival time, and duration). The simulated maximum water surface profiles are consistent with the floods marks with differences ranging from 0.02 m to 0.44 m, indicating a good agreement between the observed and simulated water levels at the peak flow (NSE = 0.94, Erel = 0.92, RMSE = 0.21 m). The maximum inundation level is 4.48 m and the flow velocity is globally low at less than 1 m/s. The average flood arrival time and duration are 5 h and 26 h, respectively, for a threshold height of 0.5 m. These results indicate a fast mobilization of the major river channel for the evacuation of this flood. The level of accuracy of the developed model of the 21 August 2020 flood event is appropriate for flood hazard assessment in the city of Douala and is designed to find operational application in future events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flood Hazard Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The 21st August 2020 Flood in Douala (Cameroon): A Major Urban Flood Investigated with 2D HEC-RAS Modeling

Iroume

Onguéné

Koffi

et al. 2022

Water

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Hydrogeochemical appraisal of groundwater quality in Ngoua watershed (Douala-Cameroon): Implication for domestic purposes

Ngo Billong,

Feumba,

Ndjigui

2023

Scientific African

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Using GIS and Multicriteria Analysis to Map Flood Risk Areas of the Tongo Bassa River Basin (Douala, Cameroon)

Essoh

Onguéné

Ndongo

et al. 2022

Journal of Coastal Research

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Sone Essoh, W.; Onguene, R.; Ndongo, B.; Nshagali, G.; Colmet-Daage, A.; Marie, G.; Iroume, J.; Stieglitz, T.; Besck, F.; Efole Ewoukem, T.; Tomedi Eyango, M.; Etame, J., and Braun, J.J., 2023. Using GIS and multicriteria analysis to map flood risk areas of the Tongo Bassa River Basin (Douala, Cameroon). Journal of Coastal Research, 39(3), 531–543. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208.The present study aimed to map the areas at risk of flooding in the Tongo Bassa watershed (42 km2) located in the heart of the Cameroonian economic capital (Douala) in the tropical zone of Central Africa, more precisely in the Wouri Estuary, at the bottom of the Gulf of Guinea. Like most of the world's major cities, Douala is subject to floods. The methodological approach was to identify the flooding risk determinants in the area from an extensive literature review and field surveys and then analyze these factors and map areas at risk of flooding using the analytical hierarchy process approach coupled with the GIS environment. The results revealed that four parameters of the natural environment (elevation, drainage density, distance to the river, and land cover) were the factors that mainly influenced the phenomenon of flooding in the region. Three major classes of flood risk were highlighted: low risk, medium risk, and high risk. To validate the effectiveness of the flood risk map obtained, the flood points collected in the field were cross-checked for ground truth after a flood occurred in the watershed. This cross-check between the resulting map and the flood points using GIS tools showed a good representation of the flooded area. This result is quite interesting because the areas where the risk of flooding is high are consistent with those where flooding is most frequent. The presented results constitute a basic decision support tool for the management of flood zones by the public authorities and the decentralized territorial communities of the city of Douala.

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Origin of Mineralization of Groundwater in the Tongo Bassa Watershed (Douala-Cameroon)

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

The 21st August 2020 Flood in Douala (Cameroon): A Major Urban Flood Investigated with 2D HEC-RAS Modeling

The 21st August 2020 Flood in Douala (Cameroon): A Major Urban Flood Investigated with 2D HEC-RAS Modeling

Hydrogeochemical appraisal of groundwater quality in Ngoua watershed (Douala-Cameroon): Implication for domestic purposes

Using GIS and Multicriteria Analysis to Map Flood Risk Areas of the Tongo Bassa River Basin (Douala, Cameroon)

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