“…[9][10][11] However, for a long time, the EM mechanism has been thought to be the principal strategy given the very strong SERS activity of noble metal colloidal particles (including silver (Ag), gold (Au) and copper (Cu)). [12][13][14][15] The EM enhancement mechanism, commonly known as the "hot spot" effect, mainly comes from the randomly distributed noble metal nano aggregates, with great signal fluctuation. Moreover, colloidal materials have poor storage stability, and are affected easily by external environmental factors such as temperature, pH and ion concentration.…”