Origin of floral asymmetry in Antirrhinum

Luo, Da; Carpenter, Rosemary; Vincent, Coral; Copsey, Lucy; Coen, Enrico

doi:10.1038/383794a0

Cited by 693 publications

(880 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In Antirrhinum, loss of CYC-like gene function leads to a change in flower shape, and a concomitant increase in petal number from five to six (Luo et al 1996). It has been argued that Plantago flower morphology does not support a loss of gene function event in the evolution of actinomorphy because Plantago flowers have four petals rather than six, i.e., a reduced rather than an increased petal number relative to Antirrhinum (Donoghue et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antirrhinum cyc mutants produce flowers with all stamens developing to full length, suggesting that CYC inhibits dorsal stamen growth (Luo et al 1996). In Antirrhinum, expression of CYC in early dorsal stamen primordia negatively affects cell-cycle genes such as CYCLIN D3B (Gaudin et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a, Corley et al 2005). Two genes, CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH), play a key role in promoting dorsal identity in Antirrhinum (Luo et al 1996(Luo et al , 1999. CYC and DICH are paralogous genes (CYC-like genes); both are expressed throughout floral development in dorsal regions and encode proteins belonging to the TCP family of transcription factors (Cubas et al 1999a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CYC and DICH are paralogous genes (CYC-like genes); both are expressed throughout floral development in dorsal regions and encode proteins belonging to the TCP family of transcription factors (Cubas et al 1999a). In addition to affecting petal shape, CYC-like gene activity in dorsal regions inhibits stamen growth in Antirrhinum and the dorsal stamen is reduced to a staminode (Luo et al 1996;Luo et al 1999). In Antirrhinum cyc/dich double mutant plants produce flowers that are actinomorphic, with all petals and stamens resembling the ventral petals and stamens of wild-type flowers (Carpenter and Coen 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CYC-like genes are expressed in a generalized dorsoventral pre-pattern in meristems involved in both flower and shoot formation, even in species with actinomorphic flowers, suggesting that the origin of the genes predates their role in zygomorphy (Cubas et al 2001;Clark and Coen 2002). However, it is only in zygomorphic species that CYC-like gene expression is maintained during flower development in dorsal floral organs (Luo et al 1996;Luo et al 1999;Cubas et al 1999b;Feng et al 2006;Citerne et al 2006;Wang et al 2008). This acquisition and maintenance of CYC expression in dorsal floral organs may have been the driving force behind the evolution of dorsoventral floral asymmetry (Clark and Coen 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of flower shape in Plantago lanceolata

et al. 2009

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Plantago lanceolata produces small actinomorphic (radially symmetric), wind-pollinated flowers that have evolved from a zygomorphic, biotically pollinated ancestral state. To understand the developmental mechanisms that might underlie this change in flower shape, and associated change in pollination syndrome, we analyzed the role of CYC-like genes in P. lanceolata. Related zygomorphic species have two CYC-like genes that are expressed asymmetrically in the dorsal region of young floral meristems and in developing flowers, where they affect the rate of development of dorsal petals and stamens. Plantago has a single CYC-like gene (PlCYC) that is not expressed in early floral meristems and there is no apparent asymmetry in the pattern of PlCYC expression during later flower development. Thus, the evolution of actinomorphy in Plantago correlates with loss of dorsal-specific CYC-like gene function. PlCYC is expressed in the inflorescence stem, in pedicels, and relatively late in stamen development, suggesting a novel role for PlCYC in compacting the inflorescence and retarding stamen elongation in this wind pollinated species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of flower shape in Plantago lanceolata

et al. 2009

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Evolutionary developmental genetics of floral symmetry: The revealing power of Linnaeus' monstrous flower

Theißen

2000

Bioessays

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Petals

Drea¹

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Petals are often the most obvious organ within a flower because they provide visually arresting targets for varied pollinators and show corresponding adaptions in form, colour and scent. When present, they are located in the outer layers of a flower (the perianth) surrounding the male and female reproductive organs, the stamens and carpels. Their development is a consequence of a regulatory hierarchy of meristem determining genes, organ identity genes and downstream target genes. The gene hierarchy involves transcription factors from varied families and is regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, involving microRNAs ( ribonucleic acids ) and targeted protein degradation. The nature of the gene and protein interactions determining and controlling many aspects of petal development have been teased apart in dicotyledonous flowers of Arabidopsis , Antirrhinum and Petunia and in recent years, this knowledge has been used to explore the evolution of these developmental genetic systems across the angiosperms. Key concepts: Molecular genetics has identified key regulators of petal development in model species. Petal initiation and subsequent development is regulated by a range of transcription factor types. Petal characteristics such as colour, shape and scent are related to pollination mechanisms. Ethylene is important in petal senescence.

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Origin of floral asymmetry in Antirrhinum

Cited by 693 publications

References 20 publications

Evolution of flower shape in Plantago lanceolata

Evolution of flower shape in Plantago lanceolata

Evolutionary developmental genetics of floral symmetry: The revealing power of Linnaeus' monstrous flower

Petals

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