Origin of efficiency enhancement in cell capture on nanostructured arrays

High‐Efficiency Capture of Cells by Softening Cell Membrane

“…For typical CTCs, the stretching modulus is generally about 5 k B T nm −2 and the adhesion energy density is generally about 0.25 k B T nm −2 . [ 39,40 ] According to the modeling results in Figure 6d, rapid decrease of stretching modulus and slow decrease of adhesion energy density will cause the Δ E min to decrease, as shown in the first segment (I) of the blue line in Figure 6d, which means that the adhesion ability of cells and cell capture efficiency will become stronger.…”

On the Interaction between 1D Materials and Living Cells

“…In this regard, the method of choice for surface structuring depends on the chosen material and pattern, taking into consideration the cues triggered by ligand/receptor binding and micro- or nano-topography. Notwithstanding the complexity of the problem, some physical models permit to quantify the interaction between cells and 1D materials, by taking into account differences in nanostructure size and arrangement [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Indeed, the extension of the membrane into the space between the nanostructures can be related to the increase of the interface area and its adhesion.…”

“…For a single NW interface characterized by x NWs μm –2 , having radius r and length l , considering a 1 μm 2 area, the ΔG(bottom-top) is expressed as: ΔG(bottom-top) = − w (1 μm 2 + x 2π rl − x π r 2 ) + σx 2π rl + κx π r −1 where w , σ , and κ denote the cell-related parameters (all expressed as [N·m −1 ]), namely the specific energy of adhesion per unit area, the surface tension, and the bending modulus, respectively. The same theoretical considerations can be employed to understand the physics behind the enhancement of cellular capturing on nanostructured arrays unlike flat planar surfaces, deriving from an equilibrium between the membrane adhesion and deformation energy [ 28 , 29 ]. Following the results of Zhou et al [ 28 ], the adhesion-triggered modification of the free energy takes into account adhesion, bending, and stretching and it can be written as: where [N·m −1 ] is the cell membrane/surface adhesion energy per unit area, S ad [m 2 ] is the cell membrane/surface adhesion area, k [N·m −1 ] is the membrane curving modulus, c 1 [m −1 ] and c 2 [m −1 ] are two main membrane curvatures, S bend [m 2 ] is the area of the curving membrane, and λ [N·m −1 ] is the membrane stretching modulus.…”

“…The same theoretical considerations can be employed to understand the physics behind the enhancement of cellular capturing on nanostructured arrays unlike flat planar surfaces, deriving from an equilibrium between the membrane adhesion and deformation energy [ 28 , 29 ]. Following the results of Zhou et al [ 28 ], the adhesion-triggered modification of the free energy takes into account adhesion, bending, and stretching and it can be written as: where [N·m −1 ] is the cell membrane/surface adhesion energy per unit area, S ad [m 2 ] is the cell membrane/surface adhesion area, k [N·m −1 ] is the membrane curving modulus, c 1 [m −1 ] and c 2 [m −1 ] are two main membrane curvatures, S bend [m 2 ] is the area of the curving membrane, and λ [N·m −1 ] is the membrane stretching modulus. and S 0 are, respectively, the change in membrane interface and the initial total membrane interface during the adhesion.…”

Single-cell patterning regulation by physically modified silicon nanostructures

“…Studies have shown that nanopillars exhibit excellent performance in cell capture. 23,24 On this basis, we designed grid structures in which nanopillars in the center are surrounded by some rough nanoholes, compared with the grating structures with nanopillars and nanoholes. 25 In this study, the silver nanopatterns were prepared by double-beam double exposure laser interference lithography, and were subsequently treated with MACE to obtain Si nanopatterns.…”