Origin of critical nature and stability enhancement in collagen matrix based biomaterials: Comprehensive modification technologies

Converting Acellular Dermal Matrix into On-Demand Versatile Skin Scaffolds by a Balanceable Crosslinking Approach for Integrated Infected Wounds Therapy

“…Both single-point masking and multipoint crosslinking have covalent crosslinking bonds, but in single-point masking, only one active group in the crosslinker molecule has covalent crosslinking with a certain active group of collagens, which can modify and fill collagen but has little effect on improving structural stability. While multipoint crosslinking refers to the covalent reaction between two or more active groups in a crosslinker molecule and the active sites on collagen, which can stabilize the structure and improve the thermal stability of collagen. , The DSC results show that the T d of HTCC-pADM is not much different from that of pADM, owing to the lack of active group that can covalently react with collagen fibers in HTCC, only physical adsorption and hydrogen bonding exist, and may be eluted during the cleaning process of the material. The T d of OHTCC-pADM increased to varying degrees because OHTCC contained active aldehyde groups that could covalently crosslink with collagen fibers in pADM, which could produce single-point masking and multipoint crosslinking to improve the thermal stability of collagen.…”

“…As is known, when two or more active groups in the modifier molecule react with the active sites of collagen, a linear or shaped crosslinking could be formed. When only one active group in the modifier molecule react with the collagen site, the masking effect would be produced . In addition, the modifier could also mask or fill collagen through weak chemical action, as shown in Figure G.…”

“…However, from the practical clinical applications perspective, the remaining challenge of ADM-based scaffolds are the insufficient physicochemical properties and biased functions for therapeutic efficacy, especially the lacking broad-spectrum antibacterial property . To address the inherent defects of native ADM, crosslinking and modification approaches through physical, chemical, or biological methods could be carried out to improve the mechanical properties and hydrophilicity, reduce antigenicity, regulate degradability, and may endow it with new functions, such as antibacterial. , However, traditional crosslinking agents, such as glutaraldehyde and epoxy compounds, were confirmed to have the disadvantages of poor biocompatibility and functionality. , Accordingly, balanceable crosslinking approaches based on novel biological crosslinkers should be qualified with low cytotoxicity, ideal crosslinking properties, and certain functionality.…”

Designing biomimetic scaffolds for skin tissue engineering

“…These methods can effectively improve the physical properties, mechanical properties, solubility, and absorption rate of scaffolds, without the residue of toxic substances and cross-linking agents. 49 Chemical modifications are mainly achieved through the covalence of amine/imide bonds. Glutaraldehyde (GA) is widely used as a cross-linker because of its low cost, high reactivity, and high solubility in aqueous solutions.…”

Preparation, Characterization and ex vivo Skin Permeability Evaluation of Type I Collagen-Loaded Liposomes

“…5 Type I collagen is a three-stranded helical structural protein formed by two α 1 peptide chains and one α 2 peptide chain intertwined, and each peptide consists of (Gly-XY) n with X and Y representing mainly proline and hydroxyproline, respectively. 6 Due to its many properties, such as low immunity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, [7][8][9][10][11] type I collagen has a wide range of applications in the bioindustry, such as tissue regeneration, 12,13 pharmaceuticals, 14 food 15 and cosmetics. 16 Although the cost of preparing collagen remains high, the market demand for collagen and its derivatives has been growing at a high rate in recent years.…”