Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, the origin of antibiotics is now overshadowed by the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. This global crisis stems from the relentless adaptability of microorganisms, driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This article explores the origin of antibiotics and the subsequent emergence of antibiotic resistance. It delves into the mechanisms employed by bacteria to develop resistance, highlighting the dire consequences of drug resistance, including compromised patient care, increased mortality rates, and escalating healthcare costs. The article elucidates the latest strategies against drug-resistant microorganisms, encompassing innovative approaches such as phage therapy, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and the exploration of natural compounds. Moreover, it examines the profound impact of antibiotic resistance on drug development, rendering the pursuit of new antibiotics economically challenging. The limitations and challenges in developing novel antibiotics are discussed, along with hurdles in the regulatory process that hinder progress in this critical field. Proposals for modifying the regulatory process to facilitate antibiotic development are presented. The withdrawal of major pharmaceutical firms from antibiotic research is examined, along with potential strategies to re-engage their interest. The article also outlines initiatives to overcome economic challenges and incentivize antibiotic development, emphasizing international collaborations and partnerships. Finally, the article sheds light on government-led initiatives against antibiotic resistance, with a specific focus on the Middle East. It discusses the proactive measures taken by governments in the region, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to combat this global threat. In the face of antibiotic resistance, a multifaceted approach is imperative. This article provides valuable insights into the complex landscape of antibiotic development, regulatory challenges, and collaborative efforts required to ensure a future where antibiotics remain effective tools in safeguarding public health.

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“…Antibiotics have considerably improved the quality of life and public health, serving as miraculous drugs that have saved countless lives since it is discovered in the early 20th century (Muteeb et al, 2023). Nonetheless, global antibiotic misuse in agriculture, animal husbandry, and human medicine contributes signi cantly to the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria(Manyi-Loh et al, 2018; Salam et al, 2023; Van et al, 2020).…”

A synthetic antibiotic class with a deeply-optimized design for overcoming bacterial resistance

“…The most notorious drug-resistant bacterium, MRSA, exhibits resistance to a multitude of antibiotics and is spreading at an alarming rate worldwide. Currently, there is a signi cant lack of antibiotics capable of combating MRSA 51 . Our research ndings indicate that F8 has a strong inhibitory effect on MRSA, with a MIC value of 8 µM, consistent with the results observed in the standard strains.…”

Bifunctional imidazolium linked tetraphenylethene based conjugated microporous polymers for dynamic antibacterial properties and supercapacitor electrodes

“…1 The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, a vital tool in combating microorganisms and extending the human lifespan, has inadvertently given rise to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, complicating antimicrobial treatments. 2 Addressing the menace of antibiotic resistance is crucial, necessitating the exploration of alternative and effective antimicrobial materials. 2–6 A diverse range of synthetic antimicrobial agents has emerged to tackle this challenge, including antimicrobial polymers, cationic compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and inorganic antimicrobial agents.…”

“…2 Addressing the menace of antibiotic resistance is crucial, necessitating the exploration of alternative and effective antimicrobial materials. 2–6 A diverse range of synthetic antimicrobial agents has emerged to tackle this challenge, including antimicrobial polymers, cationic compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and inorganic antimicrobial agents. 7–16 Among these, cationic polymers have garnered significant attention due to their heightened antibacterial efficacy and comparatively lower toxicity.…”