Origin and growth of weathering crusts on ancient marbles in industrial atmosphere

Experimental Investigation of Discoloration Generated by a CI ICE's Exhaust Gas on Various Stone Types

“…The blackening process clearly related to particulate matter (Amoroso and Fassina, 1983). The blackening and formation of soiling layer have been described for various stone types including marble (Moropoulou et al, 1998;Pozo-Antonio et al, 2017), limestone (Fobe et al, 1995;Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki and Biscontin, 1999;Amoroso and Fassina 1983), travertine (Török, 2008) and even on volcanic rocks (Germinario et al, 2017;Graue et al, 2013). The soiling is related to particle deposition and incorporation into the newly formed gypsum layers (Sabbioni, 1995).…”

Syracuse Limestone: From the Past a Prospect for Contemporary Buildings

“…Adhesion of gypsum particles is more efficient especially during the dew condensation on stone surfaces in early morning. On the contrary, many authoritative scholars think that the role of atmospheric particles basically is a cathalithic behavior [16,17]. However, we have found gypsum crusts even on artifacts made with different materials such bronzes and painted substrates where, for sure, no calcium carbonate is contained [18].…”

Effect of Air Pollution on Archaeological Buildings in Cairo

“…(3). Soiling is a visual effect resulting from the darkening of exposed surfaces following the deposition and accumulation of atmospheric particles [42]. Deposition, removal and accumulation processes are numerous and complex, [43] depending on the physical and chemical properties of the particles, the nature of the surface, the local meteorology and the pathways followed by rainwater after it hits the building surface [44].…”