Origin and evolution of qingke barley in Tibet

Zeng, Xingquan; Guo, Yu; Xu, Qijun; Mascher, Martin; Guo, Ganggang; Li, Shuai Cheng; Mao, Likai; Li, Qingfeng; Xia, Zhan-Feng; Zhou, Jing; Yuan, Hongjun; Tai, Shuaishuai; Wang, Yulin; Wei, Zexiu; Song, Li; Sang, Zha; Li, Shiming; Tang, Yuling; Bai, Lijun; Zhuang, Zhenhua; He, Weiming; Zhao, Shancen; Fang, Xiaodong; Gao, Qiang; Yin, Ye; Wang, Jian; Yang, Huanming; Zhang, Jing; Henry, Robert J.; Stein, Nils; Tashi, Nyima

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07920-5

Cited by 141 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…tauschii in the Yellow River region according to the results of Wei et al (2008). It is conjectured that the spreading route of qingke barley from Western Eurasia though South Asia and into Northern Tibet (Zeng et al, 2018) and the dispersal route of common wheat from the margins of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to the Yangtze Valley (Wu et al, 2019) may offer valuable clues as to the introduction of Ae. tauschii in China (Betts, Jia & Dodson, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally considered that barley had arrived to the northeastern and southeastern Tibetan Plateau at a date prior to 4,000 calendar years ago (Wu et al, 2019). However, in contrast to the aforementioned traditional views regarding the dispersal routes of common wheat and barley (Dodson et al, 2013;Betts, Jia & Dodson, 2014;Long et al, 2018), Zeng et al (2018) have suggested that qingke barley is derived from eastern domesticated barley and was introduced from South Tibet, most likely from northern Pakistan, India, and Nepal eastwards into the Tibetan Plateau, which is supported by recent archaeological evidence of the occurrence of barley in north-east India. Thus, the specific route whereby Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The complete chloroplast genomes of seventeen Aegilops tauschii: genome comparative analysis and phylogenetic inference

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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The D genome progenitor of bread wheat, Aegilops tauschii Cosson (DD, 2n = 2x = 14), which is naturally distributed in Central Eurasia, ranging from northern Syria and Turkey to western China, is considered a potential genetic resource for improving bread wheat. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of 17 Ae. tauschii accessions were reconstructed. The cp genome sizes ranged from 135,551 bp to 136,009 bp and contained a typical quadripartite structure of angiosperms. Within these genomes, we identified a total of 124 functional genes, including 82 protein-coding genes, 34 transfer RNA genes and eight ribosomal RNA genes, with 17 duplicated genes in the IRs. Although the comparative analysis revealed that the genomic structure (gene order, gene number and IR/SC boundary regions) is conserved, a few variant loci were detected, predominantly in the non-coding regions (intergenic spacer regions). The phylogenetic relationships determined based on the complete genome sequences were consistent with the hypothesis that Ae. tauschii populations in the Yellow River region of China originated in South Asia not Xinjiang province or Iran, which could contribute to more effective utilization of wild germplasm resources. Furthermore, we confirmed that Ae. tauschii was derived from monophyletic speciation rather than hybrid speciation at the cp genome level. We also identified four variable genomic regions, rpl32-trnL-UAG, ccsA-ndhD, rbcL-psaI and rps18-rpl20, showing high levels of nucleotide polymorphisms, which may accordingly prove useful as cpDNA markers in studying the intraspecific genetic structure and diversity of Ae. tauschii.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete chloroplast genomes of seventeen Aegilops tauschii: genome comparative analysis and phylogenetic inference

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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“…To identify wheat orthologous genes with rice, maize and barley, we combined all wheat genes (IWGSC RefSeq annotation v1.1), genes with selective sweeps in rice, domestication and improvement relevant genes reported in maize 67 , and also domestication relevant genes in barley 69 . The OrthoMCL pipeline 70 was applied to compute the all-against-all similarities with BLASTP E value < 1 × 10 −5 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence within divergence: insights of wheat adaptation fromTriticumpopulation sequencing

Zhou

Zhao

et al. 2020

Preprint

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30Bread wheat expanded its habitats from a small core area of the Fertile Crescent to global 31 environments within ~10,000 years. Genetic mechanisms of this remarkable evolutionary 32 success are not well understood. By whole-genome sequencing of populations from 25 33 subspecies within genera Triticum and Aegilops, we identified composite introgression 34 from these wild populations contributing 13%~36% of the bread wheat genome, which 35 tremendously increased the genetic diversity of bread wheat and allowed its divergent 36 adaptation. Meanwhile, convergent adaption to human selection showed 2-to 16-fold 37 enrichment relative to random expectation in Triticum species despite their drastic 38 differences in ploidy levels and growing zones, indicating the vital importance of adaptive 39 constraints in the success of bread wheat. These results showed the genetic necessities 40 of wheat as a global crop and provided new perspectives on leveraging adaptation 41 success across species for crop improvement. 42 43Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum. ssp. aestivum) is one of the most successful crops on 44 earth since the Neolithic Age. Within only a few millennia, wheat expanded its habitat 45 from a small core area within the Fertile Crescent to a broad spectrum of diverse 46 environments around the globe, making it the most widely grown crop in the world 1,2 . 47Despite, wheat serving as one of the keystone crops for global food security, offering ~20% 48 of calories and proteins of human diet 3 , new environments resulting from climate change 49 may compromise its production 4,5 . Understanding the genetic mechanisms of the 50 adaptation success is key to productive and stable wheat production in the future. 51 52 Bread wheat (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) is an allohexaploid species, comprising of A, B, 53 and D subgenomes. It originated from two successive rounds of polyploidization within 54 genera Triticum and Aegilops, forming tetraploid wheat (AABB) and hexaploid wheat 55 (AABBDD), respectively 6 . By fusing genomes previously existing in different 56 environments, polyploidization brought broader adaptability to bread wheat 7 . However, 57 the same polyploidization process combined with the domestication bottleneck induced 58 severe diversity reduction to the ancestral population of bread wheat 8,9 , which was likely 59 impeding its range expansion. Recent studies identified that introgression from wild 60 emmer (T. turgidum. ssp. dicoccoides, AABB) could increase the diversity of bread 61 wheat 10,11 . Nevertheless, given the complex taxonomic groups within genera Triticum and 62Aegilops plus their unresolved phylogeny ( Supplementary Table 1) 12-14 , understanding 63 the diversity recovery of bread wheat from introgression may be still far from enough. In 64 addition to the obscurity of the divergent adaptation, questions on the convergent side of 65 the adaptation coin remain to be addressed. The evolution of wheats, or Triticum species, 66 is deeply rooted in human selection for agronomic traits, which almost excl...

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“…Climate change stimulated agricultural innovation and exchange across Asia between 5,000 and 1,500 years ago; sorghum and millet made their way from China to Central Asia; wheat and barley moved from Central Asia to the Far East and became a staple food in the north of China at 1.8 Ka, which exchanges across Central and high-altitude Asia coalesced to form the Silk Road (2.114 Ka~1.873 Ka) and Grand Canal for traffic great artery of north-south in ancient China (2.486 Ka) [215]. Tibetan barley (qingke) is derived from eastern domesticated barley, north Pakistan, India, and Nepal between 4,500 and 3,500 years ago, which supports a feral or hybridization origin for Tibetan weedy barley [218]. The rise of barley against stress (drought, cold, salt, and bird) to staple food has increased functional ingredients (especially GABA) in diet to prevent chronic diseases and promoted human civilization.…”

Section: Contribution Of Barley For Promoting Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases

Zeng

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Barley plays an important role in health and civilization of human migration from Africa to Asia, later to Eurasia. We demonstrated the systematic mechanism of functional ingredients in barley to combat chronic diseases, based on PubMed, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases from 2004 to 2020. Barley and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients to combat more than 20 chronic diseases, which include the 14 similar and 9 different chronic diseases between grains and grass, due to the major molecular mechanism of six functional ingredients of barley grass (GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan) and grains (β-glucans, polyphenols, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, tocols, and resistant starch). The antioxidant activity of barley grass and grain has the same and different functional components. These results support findings that barley grain and its grass are the best functional food, promoting ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, and further show the depending functional ingredients for diet from Pliocene hominids in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe to modern humans in the world. This review paper not only reveals the formation and action mechanism of barley diet overcoming human chronic diseases, but also provides scientific basis for the development of health products and drugs for the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases.

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Origin and evolution of qingke barley in Tibet

Cited by 141 publications

References 65 publications

The complete chloroplast genomes of seventeen Aegilops tauschii: genome comparative analysis and phylogenetic inference

The complete chloroplast genomes of seventeen Aegilops tauschii: genome comparative analysis and phylogenetic inference

Convergence within divergence: insights of wheat adaptation fromTriticumpopulation sequencing

Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases

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