Origin and development of GnRH neurons

Whitlock, Kathleen E.

doi:10.1016/j.tem.2005.03.005

Cited by 86 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 61 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Consistent with this hypothesis, we have found that in zebrafish GnRH3 cells of the terminal nerve and GnRH2 cells of the midbrain (Fig. 2B,C) have their origin in the cranial neural crest [53,57,60] whereas the GnRH cells of the hypothalamus arise from the region of the adenohypophyseal placode [54,56,57,60] (Fig. 2D).…”

Section: Gnrh Cellssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The differential expression of GnRH in situ probes (GnRH2, GnRH3) and immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies recognizing GnRH1 in mammals or multiple forms of GnRH suggests that zebrafish like other many fishes may have a third form of GnRH [47,57]. Thus, analysis in chick and fish indicates that the GnRH cells arise from the border of the neural plate suggesting that the neural ridge has the potential to generate GnRH cells across vertebrates [54].…”

Section: Gnrh Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Developing a sense of scents: Plasticity in olfactory placode formation

Whitlock

2008

Brain Research Bulletin

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The sense organs of the vertebrate head arise predominantly from sensory placodes. The sensory placodes have traditionally been grouped as structures that share common developmental and evolutionary characteristics. In attempts to build a coherent model for development of all placodes, the fascinating differences that make placodes unique are often overlooked. Here I review olfactory placode development with special attention to the origin and cell movements that generate the olfactory placode, the derivatives of this sensory placode, and the degree to which it shows plasticity during development. Next, through comparison with adenohypophyseal, and lens placodes I suggest we revise our thinking and terminology for these anterior placodes, specifically by: 1) referring to the peripheral olfactory sensory system as neural ectoderm because it expresses the same series of genes involved in neural differentiation and differentiates in tandem with the olfactory bulb, 2) grouping the anterior placodes with their corresponding central nervous system structures and emphasizing patterning mechanisms shared between placodes and these targets. Sensory systems did not arise independent of the central nervous system; they are part of a functional unit composed of peripheral sensory structures and their targets. By expanding our analyses of sensory system development to also include cell movements, gene expression and morphological changes observed in this functional unit, we will better understand the evolution of sensory structures.

show abstract

Section: Gnrh Cellssupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Gnrh Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a sense of scents: Plasticity in olfactory placode formation

Whitlock

2008

Brain Research Bulletin

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is noteworthy that the POA (in which LHRH neurons are located) derives from the ventral telencephalon but develops independently of TTF1 control (Sussel et al, 1999). Adding complexity to this issue, LHRH neurons express TTF1, but they originate in either the olfactory placode (Schwanzel-Fukuda and Pfaff, 1989) or elsewhere in the brain (Whitlock, 2005), and thus, they cannot be considered to have a telencephalic origin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deletion of theTtf1Gene in Differentiated Neurons Disrupts Female Reproduction without Impairing Basal Ganglia Function

Mastronardi¹,

Smiley²,

Raber³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) [also known as Nkx2.1 (related to the NK-2 class of homeobox genes) and T/ebp (thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein)], a homeodomain gene required for basal forebrain morphogenesis, remains expressed in the hypothalamus after birth, suggesting a role in neuroendocrine function. Here, we show an involvement of TTF1 in the control of mammalian puberty and adult reproductive function. Gene expression profiling of the nonhuman primate hypothalamus revealed that TTF1 expression increases at puberty. Mice in which the Ttf1 gene was ablated from differentiated neurons grew normally and had normal basal ganglia/hypothalamic morphology but exhibited delayed puberty, reduced reproductive capacity, and a short reproductive span. These defects were associated with reduced hypothalamic expression of genes required for sexual development and deregulation of a gene involved in restraining puberty. No extrapyramidal impairments associated with basal ganglia dysfunction were apparent. Thus, although TTF1 appears to fulfill only a morphogenic function in the ventral telencephalon, once this function is satisfied in the hypothalamus, TTF1 remains active as part of the transcriptional machinery controlling female sexual development.

show abstract

“…These various forms of GnRH have distinct sites of expression in the nervous system. The endocrine form of GnRH, GnRH1, is expressed in hypothalamic cell populations that have been proposed to originate from the olfactory placodes Wray et al, 1989a) and, more recently, from the anterior pituitary (Whitlock, 2005;Whitlock et al, 2003). The neuromodulatory form of GnRH found in the midbrain, called GnRH2, is unique in that its amino acid sequence is conserved in taxa from jawed fish to mammals (Millar, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A role forfoxd3andsox10in the differentiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells in the zebrafishDanio rerio

et al. 2005

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is found in a wide range of vertebrate tissues, including the nervous system. In general, GnRH has two functions: endocrine, acting as a releasing hormone; and neuromodulatory,affecting neural activity in the peripheral and central nervous system. The best understood population of GnRH cells is that of the hypothalamus, which is essential for reproduction. Less well understood are the populations of GnRH cells found in the terminal nerve and midbrain, which appear to be neuromodulatory in function. The GnRH-containing cells of the midbrain are proposed to arise from the mesencephalic region of the neural tube. Previously, we showed that neuromodulatory GnRH cells of the terminal nerve arise from cranial neural crest. To test the hypothesis that neuromodulatory GnRH cells of the midbrain also arise from neural crest, we used gene knockdown experiments in zebrafish to disrupt neural crest development. We demonstrate that decrement of the function of foxd3 and/or sox10, two genes important for the development and specification of neural crest, resulted in a reduction and/or loss of GnRH cells of the midbrain, as well as a reduction in the number of terminal nerve GnRH cells. Therefore, our data support a neural crest origin for midbrain GnRH cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that knockdown of kallmann gene function resulted in the loss of endocrine GnRH cells of the hypothalamus, but not of neuromodulatory GnRH cells of the midbrain and terminal nerve, thus providing additional evidence for separate pathways controlling the development of neuromodulatory and endocrine GnRH cells.

show abstract

Origin and development of GnRH neurons

Cited by 86 publications

References 61 publications

Developing a sense of scents: Plasticity in olfactory placode formation

Developing a sense of scents: Plasticity in olfactory placode formation

Deletion of theTtf1Gene in Differentiated Neurons Disrupts Female Reproduction without Impairing Basal Ganglia Function

A role forfoxd3andsox10in the differentiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells in the zebrafishDanio rerio

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About